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Anatomy & Physiology Key Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • Cardiovascular system function
    The cardiovascular system transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.
  • Endocrine system function
    The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate body processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
  • Anatomical position
    The anatomical position is standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward.
  • Medial vs. lateral
    Medial means toward the midline of the body; lateral means away from the midline.
  • Distal definition
    Distal refers to a point farther from the trunk or origin of a body part.
  • Body planes
    The main body planes are sagittal (divides left/right), frontal (divides front/back), and transverse (divides top/bottom).
  • pH scale basics
    pH measures acidity or alkalinity; below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 is basic.
  • Charge of subatomic particles
    Protons are positive, electrons are negative, and neutrons have no charge.
  • Ionic vs. covalent bonds
    Ionic bonds transfer electrons; covalent bonds share electrons, which can be polar or non-polar.
  • Types of organic molecules
    Key organic molecules include sugars, amino acids, enzymes, and nucleic acids like DNA.
  • DNA base pairing rules
    In DNA, A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
  • RNA base pairing difference
    In RNA, A pairs with U (uracil) instead of thymine.
  • mRNA and tRNA roles
    mRNA carries the genetic code; tRNA brings amino acids and has anticodons matching mRNA codons.
  • Passive vs. active transport
    Passive transport moves substances without energy; active transport requires energy to move substances against gradients.
  • Epithelium characteristics
    Epithelium is tissue with tightly packed cells; simple epithelium has one cell layer.
  • Flexion and extension
    Flexion decreases joint angle; extension increases joint angle.
  • Abduction vs. adduction
    Abduction moves a limb away from the midline; adduction moves it toward the midline.
  • Osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast
    Osteocytes maintain bone, osteoblasts build bone, and osteoclasts break down bone.
  • Types of connective tissue
    Includes elastic connective tissue, dense fibrous connective tissue, fibrocartilage, and hyaline cartilage.
  • Osteon and Haversian canal
    An osteon is the structural unit of compact bone; the Haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerves.
  • Vertebral column regions
    The vertebral column has cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions with different movement abilities.
  • Atlas and axis functions
    The atlas allows nodding ('yes'), and the axis allows rotation ('no') of the head.
  • Neuromuscular junction
    The neuromuscular junction is where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber to trigger contraction.
  • Muscle fiber types
    Includes slow oxidative, fast glycolytic, and fast oxidative fibers with different endurance and power.
  • Central vs. peripheral nervous system
    CNS includes brain and spinal cord; PNS includes all nerves outside the CNS.
  • Supporting cells of CNS
    Ependymal cells line ventricles; microglia act as immune cells in the CNS.
  • Brainstem parts and functions
    Includes midbrain, pons, and medulla; controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate.
  • Broca's and Wernicke's areas
    Broca's area controls speech production; Wernicke's area controls language comprehension.
  • Photoreceptors: rods vs. cones
    Rods detect light intensity; cones detect color.