Skip to main content
뒤로

Anatomy & Physiology Key Concepts

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
1/30

이 집합의 용어 (30)

  • Superior

    Toward the head; above. Example: The nose is superior to the mouth.

  • Inferior

    Away from the head; below. Example: The stomach is inferior to the heart.

  • Anterior

    Toward the front of the body. Example: The chest is anterior to the spine.

  • Posterior

    Toward the back of the body. Example: The spine is posterior to the heart.

  • Medial

    Toward the midline of the body. Example: The nose is medial to the eyes.

  • Lateral

    Away from the midline of the body. Example: The ears are lateral to the nose.

  • Proximal

    Closer to the point of attachment. Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

  • Distal

    Farther from the point of attachment. Example: The fingers are distal to the elbow.

  • Superficial

    Toward the body surface. Example: The skin is superficial to the muscles.

  • Deep

    Away from the body surface; internal. Example: The bones are deep to the skin.

  • Levels of Structural Organization

    Chemical → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism. Similar cells form tissues; tissues combine to form organs; organs work together in systems.

  • Anatomical Position

    Body standing upright, facing forward, head level, feet forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from body.

  • Axial vs. Appendicular Body

    Axial: head, neck, trunk. Appendicular: upper and lower limbs (appendages).

  • Integumentary System Functions

    Protection, vitamin D production, sensation. Includes skin, hair, nails, glands, and cutaneous receptors.

  • Body Planes: Sagittal

    Divides body into right and left parts. Midsagittal divides equally.

  • Body Planes: Frontal (Coronal)

    Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

  • Body Planes: Transverse

    Divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts.

  • Major Body Cavities

    Dorsal cavity: cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord). Ventral cavity: thoracic and abdominopelvic separated by diaphragm.

  • Serous Membranes

    Parietal layer lines cavity wall; visceral layer covers organs. Examples: pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdominopelvic organs).

  • Homeostasis

    Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment by detecting changes and responding to keep variables within normal ranges.

  • Four Basic Tissue Types

    Epithelial (cover), Connective (connect), Muscle (move), Nervous (notify).

  • Epithelial Tissue Identification

    Classify by layers: simple (one), stratified (multiple), pseudostratified (appears layered). By shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube), columnar (tall).

  • Connective Tissue Components

    Consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance. More extracellular matrix than epithelial tissue.

  • Dense Regular Connective Tissue

    Parallel collagen fibers for strong attachment in one direction, e.g., tendons and ligaments.

  • Hyaline Cartilage

    Smooth, glassy matrix providing support and cushioning at joints, ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx.

  • Muscle Tissue Types

    Skeletal: voluntary, striated, long fibers. Cardiac: involuntary, striated, branching. Smooth: involuntary, non-striated, spindle-shaped.

  • Nervous Tissue Function

    Communication, regulation, and control via neurons (signal transmission) and neuroglia (support).

  • Anatomical Regions Examples

    Carpal = wrist, Brachial = arm, Coxal = hip, Femoral = thigh, Popliteal = back of knee, Occipital = back of head, Inguinal = groin, Sternal = breastbone.

  • Skin Structures for Identification

    Epidermis, dermis, hair shaft, hair follicle, sebaceous gland, sweat gland, arrector pili muscle (causes goosebumps).

  • Burn Degrees

    1st degree: epidermis only. 2nd degree: epidermis + part of dermis. 3rd degree: full thickness of skin.