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Anatomy & Physiology Key Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (31)

  • What are gametes?

    Gametes are reproductive cells (sperm in males, oocytes in females) that carry half the genetic information for sexual reproduction.

  • What is the function of antibodies?

    Antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that recognize and neutralize foreign antigens like bacteria and viruses.

  • What do gastric cells secrete?

    Gastric cells secrete substances like hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus to aid digestion in the stomach.

  • What occurs during oocyte fertilization?

    Oocyte fertilization is the fusion of a sperm and an oocyte, resulting in a zygote that begins embryonic development.

  • What is ejaculation?

    Ejaculation is the process of expelling semen containing sperm from the male reproductive tract.

  • Name the main regions of the kidney.

    The kidney has three main regions: cortex, medulla, and renal pelvis.

  • What are leukocytes and their characteristics?

    Leukocytes are white blood cells involved in immune defense; they vary in type, size, and function.

  • What do digestive enzymes do?

    Digestive enzymes break down macronutrients: amylase digests carbs, lipase digests fats, and proteases digest proteins.

  • What is the common pathway of hemostasis?

    The common pathway involves activation of factor X, leading to thrombin formation and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a clot.

  • What are the functions of female reproductive organs?

    They produce oocytes, support fertilization, provide a site for fetal development, and enable childbirth.

  • What is the function of the uterus?

    The uterus supports embryo implantation, fetal development, and contracts during childbirth.

  • What are the main functions of nephrons?

    Nephrons filter blood, reabsorb needed substances, and secrete wastes to form urine.

  • What happens during ovulation?

    Ovulation is the release of a mature oocyte from the ovary into the fallopian tube.

  • What determines blood typing?

    Blood typing is based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells.

  • What are the main cations and anions in intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    ICF: high K+ and phosphate; ECF: high Na+ and chloride.

  • What are T cells?

    T cells are lymphocytes that mediate cellular immunity, including helper and cytotoxic functions.

  • What is gastrin?

    Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility.

  • Difference between upper and lower respiratory tract?

    Upper tract includes nose, pharynx, larynx; lower tract includes trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

  • What do ECG waves represent?

    ECG waves represent electrical activity of the heart: P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), T wave (ventricular repolarization).

  • Difference between SA node and AV node?

    SA node is the heart's primary pacemaker; AV node delays impulse to allow ventricular filling.

  • What are the types and locations of capillaries?

    Continuous (muscle, skin), fenestrated (kidneys, intestines), and sinusoidal (liver, bone marrow).

  • What are NK cells?

    Natural Killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected and tumor cells without prior sensitization.

  • Difference between conducting and respiratory portions of respiratory tract?

    Conducting portion moves air (nose to terminal bronchioles); respiratory portion is where gas exchange occurs (respiratory bronchioles and alveoli).

  • How is long-term pH controlled in the body?

    Primarily by renal regulation through bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion secretion.

  • What are typical values for EDV, ESV, SV, and CO?

    EDV ~120 mL, ESV ~50 mL, SV = EDV - ESV (~70 mL), CO = SV × heart rate.

  • Where are the highest and lowest blood pressures found in the circulatory system?

    Highest in the aorta; lowest in the venae cavae near the heart.

  • What are plasma proteins and their functions?

    Albumin (osmotic balance), globulins (immune function), fibrinogen (clotting).

  • What hormones regulate water and sodium balance?

    ADH promotes water retention, aldosterone promotes sodium retention, ANP promotes sodium excretion.

  • What are the percentages of plasma, RBCs, and buffy coat in blood?

    Plasma ~55%, RBCs ~45%, buffy coat (WBCs and platelets) <1%.

  • What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?

    Cytotoxic T cells kill infected or cancerous cells by inducing apoptosis.

  • What occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

    The corpus luteum secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for possible pregnancy.