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Anatomy & Physiology Module 01 Study Guide

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이 집합의 용어 (37)

  • What is the definition of anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

  • What are the three subdivisions of anatomy?

    1) Gross anatomy – study of structures visible to the naked eye.
    2) Microscopic anatomy – study of cells and tissues using a microscope.
    3) Developmental anatomy – study of structural changes across the lifespan.

  • What is the definition of physiology?

    Physiology is the study of the function of the body and how its parts work together.

  • List at least three subdivisions of physiology.

    Examples include cell physiology, systemic physiology, and pathophysiology.

  • Complete the statement: Structure determines ______________.

    Structure determines function.

  • Give an example that demonstrates the relationship between structure and function.

    The shape of red blood cells (biconcave) allows them to carry oxygen efficiently.

  • List the levels of organization from simplest to most complex with examples.

    1) Chemical – atoms/molecules
    2) Cellular – cells
    3) Tissue – groups of similar cells
    4) Organ – composed of tissues
    5) Organ system – organs working together
    6) Organism – entire living being

  • Name two major organs and primary functions of the integumentary system.

    Organs: skin, hair
    Functions: protection, temperature regulation

  • Name two major organs and primary functions of the skeletal system.

    Organs: bones, cartilage
    Functions: support, protection, blood cell production

  • Name two major organs and primary functions of the muscular system.

    Organs: skeletal muscles, tendons
    Functions: movement, posture maintenance

  • Name two major organs and primary functions of the nervous system.

    Organs: brain, spinal cord
    Functions: control and communication, response to stimuli

  • Name two major organs and primary functions of the endocrine system.

    Organs: glands (e.g., thyroid, adrenal)
    Functions: hormone production, regulation of body processes

  • Name two major organs and primary functions of the cardiovascular system.

    Organs: heart, blood vessels
    Functions: transport of nutrients and oxygen

  • Name two major organs and primary functions of the lymphatic/immune system.

    Organs: lymph nodes, spleen
    Functions: immunity, fluid balance

  • Name two major organs and primary functions of the respiratory system.

    Organs: lungs, trachea
    Functions: gas exchange, oxygen supply

  • Name two major organs and primary functions of the digestive system.

    Organs: stomach, intestines
    Functions: digestion and absorption of nutrients

  • Name two major organs and primary functions of the urinary system.

    Organs: kidneys, bladder
    Functions: waste elimination, fluid balance

  • Name two major organs and primary functions of the reproductive system.

    Organs: ovaries/testes, uterus
    Functions: reproduction and hormone production

  • What are the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans?

    Examples include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis.

  • Define homeostasis.

    Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Why is homeostasis important to body function?

    It ensures optimal conditions for cellular function and survival.

  • Define the following homeostasis key terms: set point, acceptable range, regulated variable, controlled variable.

    Set point: ideal value for a variable.
    Acceptable range: range around the set point.
    Regulated variable: variable monitored.
    Controlled variable: variable adjusted to maintain balance.

  • List the steps of the homeostatic response pathway in order.

    Stimulus → Receptor → Control center → Effector → Response

  • Compare negative and positive feedback: effect on stimulus, commonality, and example.

    Negative feedback: reverses stimulus, common, e.g., body temperature regulation.
    Positive feedback: enhances stimulus, less common, e.g., blood clotting.

  • Describe the standard anatomical position.

    Body standing upright, facing forward, feet flat, arms at sides with palms facing forward.

  • From whose perspective do right and left refer in anatomical terms?

    From the patient's or subject's perspective, not the observer's.

  • Define the directional terms: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior.

    Superior: toward the head.
    Inferior: toward the feet.
    Anterior: front of the body.
    Posterior: back of the body.

  • Define the directional terms: medial, lateral, proximal, distal.

    Medial: toward the midline.
    Lateral: away from the midline.
    Proximal: closer to the point of attachment.
    Distal: farther from the point of attachment.

  • Define the directional terms: superficial and deep.

    Superficial: toward or on the surface.
    Deep: away from the surface, internal.

  • Identify the four abdominopelvic quadrants and one major organ in each.

    RUQ: liver
    LUQ: stomach
    RLQ: appendix
    LLQ: large intestine

  • List the three major body planes and how they divide the body.

    Sagittal plane: divides body into left and right.
    Frontal (coronal) plane: divides body into front and back.
    Transverse plane: divides body into top and bottom.

  • Name the major body cavities and their subdivisions.

    Dorsal cavity: cranial and spinal cavities.
    Ventral cavity: thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

  • Name two organs found in the dorsal and ventral cavities.

    Dorsal: brain, spinal cord.
    Ventral: heart, lungs.

  • Describe the structure and function of the cutaneous membrane.

    The cutaneous membrane is the skin; it protects the body and prevents water loss.

  • Describe the structure and function of the mucous membrane.

    Mucous membranes line body cavities open to the exterior and secrete mucus for protection and lubrication.

  • Describe the structure and function of the serous membrane.

    Serous membranes line closed body cavities and secrete fluid to reduce friction between organs.

  • Describe the structure and function of the synovial membrane.

    Synovial membranes line joint cavities and produce synovial fluid for lubrication.