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Anatomy & Physiology: Organization of the Human Body

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이 집합의 용어 (25)

  • What is the basic structural and functional unit of living things?
    Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living things.
  • List the 7 levels of organization of the human body from smallest to largest.
    Atoms → Molecules → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
  • Name the four tissue types in the human body.
    Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve tissues.
  • What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?
    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.
  • Define the Principle of Emergent Properties.
    As you ascend the organizational hierarchy, new properties appear at each level that were not present at lower levels.
  • What does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics state regarding living systems?
    Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another.
  • Why do living things need energy according to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
    Living things use energy to maintain order and organization because all systems tend toward disorder (entropy).
  • What is homeostasis?
    The ability of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite external changes.
  • Differentiate between negative and positive feedback mechanisms.
    Negative feedback resists deviations from normal (e.g., blood pressure). Positive feedback amplifies deviations (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting).
  • What is irritability or responsiveness in living organisms?
    The immediate response to a stimulus.
  • What is the role of DNA in reproduction and development?
    DNA contains genes that transfer hereditary information, serving as the blueprint for living systems.
  • What causes genetic variation between generations?
    Mutations—variations in gene structure that can be detrimental, harmless, or beneficial.
  • Define evolution in the context of anatomy and physiology.
    Descent with modification; the process by which diversity arises from a common ancestor over time.
  • Describe the anatomical position.
    Person standing with feet forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing outward.
  • What do the directional terms superior and inferior mean?
    Superior means toward the head; Inferior means toward the feet.
  • What is the difference between proximal and distal?
    Proximal means toward the point of attachment; Distal means away from the point of attachment.
  • Name the three main body planes and their divisions.
    Sagittal divides left and right; Transverse divides superior and inferior; Frontal divides anterior and posterior.
  • What are the axial and appendicular regions of the body?
    Axial: head and trunk; Appendicular: limbs and associated girdles.
  • What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?
    Upper left, upper right, lower left, and lower right quadrants.
  • What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral body cavities?
    Dorsal cavity contains brain and spinal cord; Ventral cavity contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
  • What are serous membranes and their function?
    Membranes lining body cavities and organs that secrete fluid to lubricate and protect internal organs.
  • What is the difference between visceral and parietal serous membranes?
    Visceral membranes cover organs; Parietal membranes line cavity walls.
  • Name the three serous membrane-lined cavities in the thoracic cavity.
    Two pleural cavities (lungs) and one pericardial cavity (heart).
  • What is the peritoneum and its role?
    Serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and covering abdominal organs; helps anchor organs and provides a pathway for vessels and nerves.
  • What are retroperitoneal organs?
    Organs located behind the parietal peritoneum, closely associated with the body wall (e.g., kidneys, pancreas).