뒤로Anatomy & Physiology: Respiratory and Immune System Key Concepts
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Skin with keratinized cells, low pH secretions, and continuous sloughing prevents pathogen entry.
Macrophages are versatile phagocytes that engulf pathogens and cooperate with adaptive immunity.
NK cells induce apoptosis in infected cells using fas ligand or perforin/granzyme pathways.
Proteins in blood plasma that opsonize pathogens, attract phagocytes, and form membrane attack complexes to lyse pathogens.
Heat, redness, pain, swelling; caused by vasodilation, increased permeability, and phagocyte recruitment.
Innate is rapid, nonspecific; adaptive is slower, highly specific, and has immunological memory.
Two-chain protein with variable and constant regions; antigen-binding site formed by variable domains.
MHC I presents intracellular antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells; MHC II presents extracellular antigens to CD4+ helper T cells.
Th1 activates macrophages and cell-mediated immunity; Th2 helps B cells produce antibodies.
Treg cells suppress immune responses to maintain tolerance and prevent autoimmunity.
IgM (early response), IgG (secondary response, crosses placenta), IgA (mucosal immunity), IgE (allergy), IgD (B cell receptor).
T cell-dependent antigens require T cell help for B cell activation; T cell-independent antigens activate B cells directly via crosslinking.
Primary response is slower with lower antibody levels; secondary response is faster and stronger due to memory cells.
Conducting zone moves, filters, warms air; respiratory zone is site of gas exchange (alveoli).
Small sacs with thin type I alveolar cells for gas exchange; type II cells secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension.
Air moves due to pressure differences created by diaphragm and intercostal muscle contractions changing thoracic volume.
Reduces alveolar surface tension to prevent collapse during expiration.
Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in erythrocytes; binding affinity affected by pH, temperature, and 2,3-BPG.
Transported dissolved in plasma, as bicarbonate ion, or bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin.
Loop of Henle creates osmotic gradient in medulla to concentrate urine by selective reabsorption of water and solutes.
ADH increases water reabsorption in collecting ducts by inserting aquaporin channels, concentrating urine.
Regulates blood pressure and volume by vasoconstriction and promoting Na+ and water retention.
Produces bile for lipid emulsification; processes nutrients and detoxifies blood.
Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in duodenum.
Stores and concentrates bile, releasing it into the duodenum when needed.
Circular folds, villi, and microvilli increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
Salivary amylase (mouth), pepsin (stomach), pancreatic enzymes and brush border enzymes (small intestine).
Absorbs water and electrolytes, forms and stores feces, houses beneficial bacteria.
Filtration at glomerulus, reabsorption and secretion along nephron tubules, regulated by hormones and nerves.
Stretch receptors in bladder trigger parasympathetic contraction of detrusor and relaxation of internal sphincter; voluntary control via external sphincter.