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Anatomy & Physiology: Special Senses

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  • What are the five special senses?

    The five special senses are olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), vision, hearing, and vestibular sensation.

  • How do special sense receptors differ from general sensory receptors?

    Special sense receptors are usually specialized cells rather than neurons and transmit stimuli to the CNS via cranial nerves only.

  • What is transduction in the context of special senses?

    Transduction is the process where a physical or chemical stimulus is converted into an action potential.

  • Where is the olfactory epithelium located and what does it contain?

    The olfactory epithelium is in the roof of the nasal cavity and contains olfactory neurons whose axons form the olfactory nerve (CN I).

  • How do olfactory neurons detect odors?

    Receptors on the cilia of olfactory neurons bind to odorant molecules.

  • Where is conscious perception of smell processed?

    In the primary olfactory cortex, with signals also sent to the limbic system for emotional and visceral responses.

  • What structures contain taste buds on the tongue?

    Taste buds are located on the vallate, fungiform, and foliate papillae of the tongue.

  • How many basic taste sensations are there and what are they?

    There are five: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (savory).

  • Which cranial nerves transmit taste stimuli?

    Taste stimuli are transmitted via neurons of the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves.

  • Where is taste consciously processed in the brain?

    In the parietal lobe for conscious awareness and the limbic system for emotional and visceral responses.

  • What are the three layers of the eyeball wall?

    The fibrous layer (sclera and cornea), vascular layer (choroid, ciliary body, iris), and neural layer (retina).

  • What is the function of the lens in the eye?

    The lens alters the refraction of light to focus on near and far objects by changing shape.

  • What are the two cavities of the eye and their contents?

    The posterior cavity contains vitreous humor, and the anterior cavity contains aqueous humor.

  • What types of photoreceptors are in the retina and what do they detect?

    Rods detect light intensity (low light), and cones detect color in three types sensitive to different wavelengths.

  • What is accommodation in vision?

    Accommodation is the lens's ability to become rounder to focus light on the retina for near vision.

  • What happens to rods and cones when they are stimulated by light?

    They hyperpolarize, removing inhibition on bipolar cells, which then stimulate retinal ganglion cells to send signals via the optic nerve.

  • Where do optic nerve fibers cross and what is the significance?

    They cross at the optic chiasma, allowing visual information from the nasal retina to be processed by the opposite brain hemisphere.

  • What are the three regions of the ear?

    The outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear.

  • What structures make up the middle ear?

    The tympanic membrane, pharyngotympanic tube, and three auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes.

  • What fluids are found in the inner ear and where?

    Endolymph is inside the membranous labyrinth; perilymph surrounds it between the membranous labyrinth and bone.

  • What is the function of the cochlea?

    The cochlea contains structures for hearing, including the cochlear duct and scala vestibuli and tympani, where sound vibrations are transduced.

  • How are sound waves transduced into neural signals?

    Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane and ossicles, moving the basilar membrane and hair cells in the cochlea, which release neurotransmitters to cochlear nerve neurons.

  • Where is auditory information processed for conscious perception?

    In the primary auditory cortex of the temporal lobe, with further processing in temporal, parietal lobes, and limbic system.

  • What do the utricle and saccule detect in vestibular sensation?

    They detect head tilting and linear acceleration by displacement of the otolithic membrane bending hair cells.

  • How do semicircular ducts detect rotational head movement?

    Rotation moves endolymph against the cupula, bending hair cells' stereocilia and kinocilium, causing depolarization or hyperpolarization.

  • Where are vestibular sensations processed?

    In the spinal cord, cerebellum, inferior parietal lobe, and cranial nerve nuclei for eye movement coordination.

  • What is the general pathway for special sensory stimuli (except olfaction)?

    Stimuli travel from the brainstem to the thalamus and then to the primary sensory cortex.

  • How does the brain integrate information from the special senses?

    The frontal lobe integrates sensory information into a coherent picture, and the limbic system provides emotional and behavioral responses.