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Anatomy & Physiology: The Cell - Structure and Function

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이 집합의 용어 (25)

  • What are the two main categories of cells in the human body?
    Sex cells (germ cells: sperm and oocytes) and somatic cells (all other body cells).
  • What are the four major functions of the plasmalemma (cell membrane)?
    Physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity, and structural support.
  • Define diffusion in the context of membrane permeability.
    Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration without energy use.
  • What is osmosis?
    The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
  • What distinguishes facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?
    Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to transport molecules across the membrane without energy.
  • What is active transport and how does it differ from passive transport?
    Active transport uses energy (ATP) and carrier proteins to move substances against their concentration gradient.
  • Name four ions commonly moved by active transport in cells.
    Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+.
  • What is an exchange pump in cellular transport?
    A carrier protein that moves two ions simultaneously in opposite directions across the membrane.
  • Describe pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
    Pinocytosis is the ingestion of fluids and small molecules; phagocytosis is the engulfing of large particles or cells.
  • What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
    A selective process where ligands bind to receptors triggering vesicle formation to bring substances into the cell.
  • What is the cytosol?
    The intracellular fluid of the cytoplasm, high in potassium ions and proteins, with an overall negative charge.
  • List the nonmembranous organelles found in the cytoplasm.
    Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, flagella, and ribosomes.
  • What are the main components of the cytoskeleton?
    Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, and microtubules.
  • What is the function of mitochondria?
    Produce ATP through cellular respiration; have double membranes with cristae and matrix.
  • What are the main functions of the nucleus?
    Control center of the cell; stores DNA; site of RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.
  • What is chromatin?
    DNA wrapped around histone proteins forming nucleosomes; the uncondensed form of chromosomes.
  • What are the four major functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
    Synthesis of macromolecules, storage, transport within the cell, and detoxification.
  • What are the three main functions of the Golgi apparatus?
    Synthesis and packaging of secretions, packaging enzymes for cytosol, and renewal/modification of the plasmalemma.
  • What roles do lysosomes play in the cell?
    Digest solid materials, recycle damaged organelles, and can cause autolysis if ruptured.
  • What is the function of peroxisomes?
    Digest fats and toxins, convert hydrogen peroxide to water, and are abundant in liver cells.
  • Name the three major types of cell junctions.
    Tight junctions, communicating junctions (gap junctions), and anchoring junctions.
  • What are the four stages of mitosis?
    Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
  • What is the function of ribosomes?
    Synthesize proteins; can be free in cytoplasm or fixed on rough ER.
  • Describe the structure and function of cilia and flagella.
    Cilia move materials over cell surfaces; flagella propel sperm cells through fluid; both have microtubule cores.
  • What is the role of microvilli?
    Increase surface area of the cell to enhance absorption.