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Anatomy & Physiology Ultimate Study Guide

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이 집합의 용어 (28)

  • Define anatomy and physiology

    Anatomy is the study of body structure; physiology is the study of body function.

  • What is the principle of complementarity in anatomy and physiology?

    Structure determines function; the shape of a body part relates to its job.

  • Name the main subdivisions of anatomy

    Gross, regional, system, surface, microscopic (cytology, histology), and developmental (embryology).

  • Name the main subdivisions of physiology

    Organ systems, cellular, and molecular physiology.

  • List the levels of structural organization in the human body

    Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal.

  • Give an example of each level of structural organization

    Chemical: atoms/molecules; Cellular: cells; Tissue: muscle tissue; Organ: heart; Organ System: cardiovascular system; Organismal: human body.

  • What are the necessary life functions?

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.

  • List the survival needs of the human body

    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure.

  • Define homeostasis

    Maintenance of stable internal conditions; a dynamic equilibrium.

  • What are the three components of a homeostatic control system?

    Receptor (detects change), control center (processes info), effector (responds to restore balance).

  • Differentiate negative and positive feedback with examples

    Negative feedback reverses a change (e.g., temperature regulation, glucose levels). Positive feedback enhances a change (e.g., blood clotting).

  • Describe the anatomical position

    Body erect, facing forward, feet flat, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

  • Define superior and inferior directional terms

    Superior: toward the head; inferior: away from the head, toward the feet.

  • Define anterior and posterior directional terms

    Anterior: front of the body; posterior: back of the body.

  • What are the body planes and sections?

    Sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse, oblique planes.

  • Name the major body cavities

    Dorsal cavity: cranial and vertebral; ventral cavity: thoracic and abdominopelvic.

  • What are serous membranes and their types?

    Membranes lining cavities and organs: parietal (cavity wall), visceral (organ surface), with serous fluid between.

  • Identify the serous membranes for heart, lungs, and abdomen

    Pericardium (heart), pleurae (lungs), peritoneum (abdomen).

  • List the four abdominopelvic quadrants

    Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ).

  • Name the nine abdominopelvic regions

    Right/left hypochondriac, epigastric, right/left lumbar, umbilical, right/left iliac, hypogastric.

  • What is the cell theory?

    All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of structure and function; all cells come from preexisting cells.

  • Name key cell organelles and their functions

    Mitochondria (energy), ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER (transport), Golgi (packaging), lysosomes (digestion), peroxisomes (detox), cytoskeleton (structure), nucleus (DNA storage).

  • What are the main types of organic compounds in the body?

    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

  • Define anabolism and catabolism

    Anabolism: synthesis of complex molecules; catabolism: breakdown of molecules (hydrolysis).

  • Write the ATP production equation from glucose

    \(\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6 O_2 \rightarrow 6 CO_2 + 6 H_2O + ATP}\)

  • Write the disaccharide hydrolysis equation

    \(\mathrm{C_{12}H_{22}O_{11} + H_2O \rightarrow 2 C_6H_{12}O_6}\)

  • List the four levels of protein structure

    Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures.

  • Describe the DNA structure and base pairing

    Double helix with base pairs: A pairs with T, C pairs with G.