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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1A Review

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • What is anatomical position?

    Anatomical position is a standard body posture where a person stands upright, facing forward, feet flat and together, arms at the sides with palms facing forward.

  • Define anatomy and physiology.

    Anatomy is the study of body structure. Physiology is the study of body function.

  • How are anatomy and physiology interrelated?

    Structure (anatomy) determines function (physiology), and function depends on structure.

  • List the levels of structural organization with examples.

    Levels: Chemical (atoms), Cellular (cells), Tissue (muscle tissue), Organ (heart), Organ system (cardiovascular system), Organism (human body).

  • Describe homeostasis.

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • What is a positive feedback scenario?

    Positive feedback amplifies a response, such as blood clotting or childbirth contractions.

  • What is negative feedback?

    Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain homeostasis, like regulating body temperature.

  • What properties of water allow life to exist?

    Water's polarity, high heat capacity, solvent abilities, and cohesion support life processes.

  • Define hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphipathic substances.

    Hydrophobic: repels water; Hydrophilic: attracts water; Amphipathic: has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

  • What is an acid and its pH range?

    An acid donates H+ ions; pH less than 7 indicates acidity.

  • What is a base and its pH range?

    A base accepts H+ ions; pH greater than 7 indicates alkalinity.

  • What elements comprise carbohydrates?

    Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

  • What are carbohydrates used for in the body?

    Carbohydrates provide energy and structural support.

  • Name examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

    Monosaccharides: glucose; Disaccharides: sucrose; Polysaccharides: glycogen.

  • Contrast anabolic and catabolic reactions.

    Anabolic (dehydration synthesis) builds molecules; catabolic (hydrolysis) breaks molecules down.

  • What elements comprise lipids?

    Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with less oxygen than carbohydrates.

  • Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

    Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds; unsaturated have one or more double bonds.

  • What are triglycerides used for?

    Triglycerides store energy and provide insulation.

  • What are phospholipids used for?

    Phospholipids form the plasma membrane of cells.

  • Where is the 'recipe' for making proteins found?

    The DNA in the cell nucleus contains the instructions for protein synthesis.

  • What are proteins made of?

    Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

  • What do enzymes do?

    Enzymes act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

  • Describe the four protein structures.

    Primary: amino acid sequence; Secondary: alpha helices/beta sheets; Tertiary: 3D folding; Quaternary: multiple polypeptides.

  • Name and function of DNA and RNA.

    DNA stores genetic info; RNA helps synthesize proteins.

  • What does ATP stand for and its function?

    ATP = adenosine triphosphate, the main energy currency of the cell.

  • What processes produce ATP and their reactants/products?

    Cellular respiration produces ATP using glucose and oxygen; products are CO2, water, and ATP.

  • Difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

    Exergonic releases energy; endergonic requires energy input.

  • What is cytology?

    Cytology is the study of cells.

  • What is intracellular and extracellular fluid?

    Intracellular fluid is inside cells; extracellular fluid is outside cells.