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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 4 Exam Study Guide

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  • Major functions of the nervous system

    The nervous system controls sensory input, integration, and motor output to regulate body functions and respond to stimuli.

  • Divisions of the nervous system

    The nervous system is divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

  • Types of CNS neuroglial cells

    Four types: astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes.

  • Types of PNS neuroglial cells

    Two types: Schwann cells and satellite cells.

  • Definition of a neuron

    A neuron is a nerve cell that transmits electrical signals throughout the nervous system.

  • Components of a neuron

    Includes cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon, each with specific functions in signal transmission.

  • Importance of the myelin sheath

    The myelin sheath insulates axons and increases conduction velocity of nerve impulses.

  • Myelin formation in CNS and PNS

    In CNS, formed by oligodendrocytes; in PNS, formed by Schwann cells.

  • Types of neurons by structure

    Include multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons, differing in number of processes.

  • Ohm’s Law in physiology

    Relates voltage, current, and resistance: \(V=IR\).

  • Types of ion channels

    Include leak channels, ligand-gated channels, and voltage-gated channels.

  • Resting membrane potential

    The voltage difference across the membrane at rest, typically around -70 mV in neurons.

  • Role of ion channels in resting membrane potential

    Leak channels allow ions to move, establishing the resting membrane potential by differential ion permeability.

  • Voltage-gated ion channels in action potential

    Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels open and close to generate the action potential.

  • Phases of an action potential

    Include depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.

  • Graded potentials vs action potentials

    Graded potentials are localized and vary in strength; action potentials are all-or-none and propagate along axons.

  • Absolute and relative refractory periods

    Absolute: no new action potential possible; Relative: a stronger stimulus can trigger an action potential.

  • Continuous vs saltatory conduction

    Continuous conduction occurs in unmyelinated axons; saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons jumping between nodes.

  • Effect of axon diameter and myelination on conduction velocity

    Larger diameter and myelination increase conduction velocity.

  • Chemical synapse components

    Include presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane.

  • Events of chemical synaptic transmission

    Sequence: action potential arrival, Ca2+ influx, neurotransmitter release, binding to receptors, and postsynaptic response.

  • Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

    EPSP depolarizes the membrane; IPSP hyperpolarizes it, affecting neuron excitability.

  • Temporal and spatial summation

    Temporal: multiple signals over time; Spatial: multiple signals from different locations summate to influence postsynaptic potential.

  • Neurotransmitter receptor types

    Include ionotropic (direct ion channels) and metabotropic (G-protein coupled) receptors.

  • Structural classification of neurotransmitters

    Examples: acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, and peptides.

  • Functional classification of neurotransmitters

    Classified as excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory.

  • Definition of a neuronal pool

    A group of neurons that integrate incoming information and forward processed output.

  • Serial vs parallel processing

    Serial: neurons pass signals in a sequence; Parallel: neurons process information simultaneously.

  • Neural circuits in CNS

    Include divergent, convergent, reverberating, and parallel after-discharge circuits.