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Autonomic Nervous System and Neuromuscular Junction - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Physiological role of the autonomic division
    The autonomic division controls involuntary body functions by regulating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands to maintain homeostasis.
  • Branches of the autonomic division
    The autonomic division has two main branches: the sympathetic division, which prepares the body for 'fight or flight,' and the parasympathetic division, which promotes 'rest and digest' activities.
  • Anatomy of the sympathetic branch
    Sympathetic neurons originate in the thoracolumbar spinal cord and have short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers.
  • Anatomy of the parasympathetic branch
    Parasympathetic neurons originate in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord with long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.
  • Chemical communication in the sympathetic branch
    Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine; postganglionic neurons mainly release norepinephrine.
  • Chemical communication in the parasympathetic branch
    Both preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine.
  • Synthesis of autonomic neurotransmitters
    Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA; norepinephrine is synthesized from dopamine in sympathetic neurons.
  • Breakdown of acetylcholine
    Acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft.
  • Breakdown of norepinephrine
    Norepinephrine is removed by reuptake into the neuron and degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).
  • Structure of the adrenal medulla
    The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes catecholamines directly into the bloodstream.
  • Secretions of the adrenal medulla
    It secretes mainly epinephrine and some norepinephrine to enhance sympathetic responses.
  • Structure of the neuromuscular junction
    The neuromuscular junction consists of a motor neuron terminal, synaptic cleft, and motor end plate on the muscle fiber.
  • Neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction
    Acetylcholine is released from the motor neuron to stimulate muscle contraction.
  • Receptors at the neuromuscular junction
    Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fiber membrane bind acetylcholine to initiate contraction.
  • Comparison of somatic motor and autonomic divisions - anatomy
    Somatic motor neurons have a single long axon to skeletal muscle; autonomic neurons have two neurons (preganglionic and postganglionic) to target tissues.
  • Comparison of neurotransmitters in somatic motor vs autonomic divisions
    Somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions; autonomic neurons release acetylcholine or norepinephrine depending on branch.
  • Receptors in somatic motor division
    Somatic motor neurons use nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle fibers.
  • Receptors in sympathetic division
    Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine that binds to adrenergic receptors; preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine to nicotinic receptors.
  • Receptors in parasympathetic division
    Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine that binds to muscarinic receptors; preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine to nicotinic receptors.
  • Functional difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
    Sympathetic branch activates 'fight or flight' responses; parasympathetic branch promotes 'rest and digest' functions.