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Blood: Anatomy & Physiology Key Concepts

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  • Five major functions of blood
    Transport substances, regulate pH and ions, restrict fluid loss, defend against pathogens and toxins, and stabilize body temperature.
  • Substances transported by blood
    Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes.
  • How blood restricts fluid loss after injury
    Blood initiates clotting, forming a temporary patch to prevent further blood loss.
  • How blood defends the body
    White blood cells fight infections and remove debris; antibodies attack invading pathogens.
  • How blood helps regulate body temperature
    Blood absorbs and redistributes heat throughout the body.
  • Normal temperature of blood
    About 38°C or 100.4°F.
  • Viscosity of blood compared to water
    Blood is about five times as viscous as water.
  • Definition of viscosity
    Resistance to flow.
  • Normal pH range of blood
    Between 7.35 and 7.45, making blood slightly alkaline.
  • Approximate percentage of body weight that is blood
    About 7% of body weight in kilograms.
  • Two major components of whole blood
    Plasma and formed elements.
  • What is plasma?
    The fluid matrix of blood.
  • Approximate percentage of plasma in whole blood
    About 55% (range 46–63%).
  • What are formed elements?
    Blood cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma.
  • Three types of formed elements
    Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
  • Approximate percentage of formed elements in whole blood
    About 45% (range 37–54%).
  • Three major types of plasma proteins
    Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen.
  • Most abundant plasma protein
    Albumin.
  • Major functions of albumin
    Maintains plasma osmolarity and osmotic pressure, transports fatty acids and hormones.
  • Function of globulins
    Help with defense and transport; some are antibodies.
  • Function of fibrinogen
    Involved in blood clotting.
  • Where are most plasma proteins produced?
    The liver synthesizes and releases over 90% of plasma proteins.
  • Why can liver disease cause abnormal bleeding?
    It reduces production of fibrinogen and other clotting proteins.
  • What is serum?
    Fluid remaining after clotting removes clotting proteins from plasma.
  • What is hematopoiesis?
    The process producing the formed elements of blood; also called hemopoiesis.
  • Two stem cell populations producing formed elements
    Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.
  • What is hematocrit?
    Percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample.
  • What is packed cell volume (PCV)?
    Percentage of all formed elements in a blood sample.
  • Difference between hematocrit and PCV
    Hematocrit measures red blood cells; PCV measures all formed elements.
  • Main function of red blood cells
    Transporting oxygen in the blood.
  • Another name for white blood cells
    Leukocytes.
  • Main function of white blood cells
    Defense of the body.
  • Number of leukocyte classes
    Five.
  • What are platelets?
    Small membrane-bound cell fragments.
  • Major function of platelets
    Contain enzymes and substances important for blood clotting.