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Blood and Hematology - Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (27)

  • What are the major components of whole blood?
    Plasma, formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), and the buffy coat which contains leukocytes and platelets.
  • What proportion of centrifuged blood is plasma, buffy coat, and erythrocytes?
    Plasma ~55%, buffy coat <1%, erythrocytes ~45%.
  • What percent of body weight is blood and how many liters are typically in the body?
    Blood is about 7-8% of body weight, with approximately 4-6 liters in an adult.
  • What are the 7 basic functions of blood?
    Transport of gases, nutrients, wastes; regulation of pH and temperature; protection against blood loss and infection.
  • What is the composition of plasma?
    About 92% water, 7% plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, clotting proteins), and 1% solutes like electrolytes and nutrients.
  • What are the main plasma proteins and their functions?
    Albumins maintain osmotic pressure, gamma-globulins are antibodies, alpha- and beta-globulins transport lipids and metals, and clotting proteins help blood coagulation.
  • Describe the structure and function of erythrocytes.
    Biconcave, anucleate cells specialized for oxygen transport via hemoglobin.
  • What is hemoglobin and what is a heme group?
    Hemoglobin is a protein with 4 globin chains, each with a heme group containing iron that binds oxygen.
  • What is erythropoiesis?
    The process of red blood cell formation from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow.
  • Which hormone regulates erythropoiesis and where is it produced?
    Erythropoietin, produced mainly by the kidneys in response to low oxygen.
  • How long do erythrocytes last and why do they die?
    About 120 days; they lack nuclei and organelles, so they cannot repair themselves.
  • Which organ breaks down erythrocytes and what are the components of hemoglobin breakdown?
    The spleen breaks them down; hemoglobin splits into heme, globin, and iron.
  • What is transferrin and its role?
    A plasma protein that transports iron recycled from heme to the bone marrow.
  • What happens to the heme group after erythrocyte breakdown?
    Heme is converted to biliverdin then bilirubin, which is processed by the liver for excretion.
  • Define anemia and list three common causes.
    Anemia is a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood; causes include iron deficiency, pernicious anemia, and hemolytic anemia.
  • What are the five major types of leukocytes?
    Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.
  • Contrast granulocytes and agranulocytes.
    Granulocytes have visible granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils); agranulocytes lack granules (monocytes, lymphocytes).
  • What is leukopoiesis?
    The process of white blood cell formation from hematopoietic stem cells.
  • What is the function of blood platelets?
    Platelets initiate blood clotting by forming plugs and releasing clotting factors.
  • Describe the steps of hemostasis.
    Includes vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation to stop bleeding.
  • What is the difference between hemostasis and coagulation?
    Hemostasis is the overall process to stop bleeding; coagulation is the clotting phase forming fibrin mesh.
  • Why are calcium ions and vitamin K important in blood clotting?
    Calcium ions are cofactors for clotting enzymes; vitamin K is needed to synthesize clotting factors.
  • Define hemophilia and thrombosis.
    Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder due to clotting factor deficiency; thrombosis is abnormal clot formation inside vessels.
  • What are thrombus, thromboembolism, and embolism?
    A thrombus is a clot; a thromboembolism is a clot that moves; an embolism is any traveling blockage.
  • What determines ABO blood groups?
    Presence or absence of A and B antigens on erythrocytes and corresponding antibodies in plasma.
  • What are the Rh blood groups?
    Based on presence (Rh+) or absence (Rh-) of the Rh antigen on erythrocytes.
  • Why is type O- the universal donor and AB+ the universal recipient?
    O- lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, so it won’t trigger immune response; AB+ has all antigens and no antibodies.