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Blood and Hemostasis - Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (27)

  • What are the main components of blood?
    Plasma (fluid component) and formed elements (cells and cell fragments).
  • List the major functions of blood.
    Transports gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes; regulates pH and ions; restricts fluid loss; defends against toxins/pathogens; stabilizes body temperature.
  • What is plasma composed of?
    92% water, plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), organic nutrients, wastes, and electrolytes.
  • Name the three major plasma proteins and their functions.
    Albumins: maintain osmolarity and transport; Globulins: antibodies and transport; Fibrinogen: clotting protein converted to fibrin.
  • What are the formed elements in blood?
    Red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets (cell fragments).
  • Describe the structure of red blood cells.
    Small, biconcave discs, anucleate, lack mitochondria, flexible to pass through capillaries, contain hemoglobin.
  • What is hemoglobin and its function?
    A protein in RBCs with four polypeptide chains and heme groups that bind oxygen and carbon dioxide for transport.
  • How does fetal hemoglobin differ from adult hemoglobin?
    Fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen more readily to extract it from maternal blood at the placenta.
  • What is erythropoiesis?
    The process of red blood cell formation occurring in red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells.
  • What hormone regulates erythropoiesis and when is it released?
    Erythropoietin (EPO), released by kidneys and liver in response to low oxygen (hypoxia).
  • How are red blood cells recycled?
    Macrophages break down RBCs; heme is converted to biliverdin then bilirubin; iron is recycled via transferrin.
  • What determines blood type?
    Presence or absence of surface antigens A, B, and Rh on RBC membranes.
  • What antibodies are present in type A blood plasma?
    Anti-B antibodies that attack B antigens.
  • Explain Rh blood group incompatibility in pregnancy.
    An Rh-negative mother exposed to Rh-positive fetal blood can produce antibodies that attack fetal RBCs in future pregnancies.
  • What are the main types of white blood cells?
    Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils; Agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes.
  • What is the primary function of neutrophils?
    Phagocytize bacteria and are first responders to infection sites.
  • What role do eosinophils play in the immune response?
    Attack large parasites and modulate allergic inflammatory responses.
  • What substances do basophils release and their effects?
    Histamine (vasodilation) and heparin (prevents clotting) to enhance inflammation.
  • Describe the function of monocytes.
    Differentiate into macrophages that engulf pathogens and attract other immune cells.
  • What are the three phases of hemostasis?
    Vascular phase (vasoconstriction), platelet phase (platelet plug formation), coagulation phase (blood clotting).
  • What triggers the vascular phase of hemostasis?
    Contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls and release of chemical factors by endothelial cells.
  • How do platelets contribute to hemostasis?
    Adhere to damaged vessels, aggregate to form plugs, and release chemicals that promote clotting and vessel repair.
  • What are the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in coagulation?
    Intrinsic: activated by collagen exposure; Extrinsic: activated by tissue factor from damaged cells; both activate Factor X.
  • What is the role of thrombin in coagulation?
    Converts fibrinogen to fibrin, stabilizing the clot and promoting platelet activation.
  • Name anticoagulants that prevent excessive clotting.
    Antithrombin-III, heparin, thrombomodulin, and prostacyclin.
  • Why are calcium ions and vitamin K important in clotting?
    Calcium ions are required for multiple clotting steps; vitamin K is essential for synthesizing several clotting factors.
  • What is clot retraction and fibrinolysis?
    Clot retraction pulls vessel edges together; fibrinolysis dissolves the clot via plasmin enzyme.