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Bone Tissue & Bone Structure - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Major functions of bone

    Support, storage of minerals (calcium), storage of lipids (yellow marrow), blood cell production (red marrow), protection of organs, and leverage for movement.

  • Anatomy of a long bone

    Diaphysis: shaft; Epiphysis: ends; Periosteum: outer covering with osteogenic and fibrous layers; Endosteum: inner marrow lining; Epiphyseal plate: hyaline cartilage for growth; Articular cartilage: joint surface cartilage.

  • Difference between compact and spongy bone

    Compact bone has osteons with concentric lamellae around central canals; Spongy bone has trabeculae without osteons and contains red marrow.

  • Bone matrix composition

    Inorganic: calcium phosphate and carbonate for compression strength; Organic: collagen fibers for flexibility and tensile strength.

  • Functions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

    Osteoblasts: form new bone matrix; Osteocytes: mature bone cells maintaining matrix; Osteoclasts: break down bone tissue.

  • Intramembranous ossification

    Bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue; produces flat bones like skull, mandible, and clavicle.

  • Endochondral ossification

    Bone replaces hyaline cartilage; most bones develop this way.

  • Epiphyseal plate vs. epiphyseal line

    Epiphyseal plate: hyaline cartilage allowing bone growth; Epiphyseal line: ossified remnant after growth stops.

  • Role of calcium in the body

    Vital for membrane function, neuron signaling, muscle contraction, especially in heart cells.

  • Hormones regulating calcium homeostasis

    Parathyroid hormone (PTH): increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts; Calcitonin: decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts.

  • Types of bone fractures

    Open (compound): bone breaks skin; Simple (closed): bone broken but skin intact.

  • Stages of bone fracture healing

    1. Hematoma formation; 2. Cartilage (soft) callus formation; 3. Spongy bone (hard) callus formation; 4. Bone remodeling with compact bone.

  • Osteopenia and osteoporosis

    Osteopenia: bone thinning starting age 30-40; Osteoporosis: severe bone loss compromising function, common after menopause.

  • Structure of osteon in compact bone

    Central (Haversian) canal surrounded by concentric lamellae with osteocytes in lacunae connected by canaliculi.

  • Periosteum layers and function

    Fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue for tendon attachment; Osteogenic layer: contains cells for bone growth and repair.

  • Spongy bone characteristics

    Contains trabeculae with no blood vessels; red marrow fills spaces supplying nutrients and producing blood cells.

  • Bone growth duration in humans

    Human bones grow until about age 25.

  • Calcification in bone formation

    Process of depositing calcium salts to harden bone matrix.

  • Function of osteoprogenitor cells

    Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that differentiate into osteoblasts.

  • Role of trabeculae in spongy bone

    Provide structural support and house red marrow for blood cell production.