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Cardiovascular System II: Blood Vessels - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Types of blood vessels

    Include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, each with distinct structure and function.

  • General route of circulation

    Heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → heart.

  • Three layers of a vessel wall

    Tunica intima (inner), tunica media (middle, smooth muscle), and tunica externa (outer connective tissue).

  • Autonomic nervous system regulation of vessel diameter

    Controls vasoconstriction (narrowing) and vasodilation (widening) via smooth muscle in tunica media.

  • Differences between elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles

    Elastic arteries have more elastic fibers for pressure buffering; muscular arteries have more smooth muscle for distribution; arterioles regulate flow to capillaries.

  • Vessels where exchange occurs

    Exchange of materials occurs through capillaries.

  • Types of capillaries

    Continuous (least permeable), fenestrated (pores for filtration), and sinusoidal (large gaps for cells).

  • Differences between venules and veins

    Venules collect blood from capillaries; veins return blood to the heart and have valves.

  • Function of venous valves

    Prevent backflow of blood and assist venous return to the heart.

  • Systolic and diastolic blood pressure

    Systolic BP is pressure during heart contraction; diastolic BP is pressure during heart relaxation.

  • Typical vessel for measuring blood pressure

    Measured in the brachial artery using a sphygmomanometer.

  • Hypertension vs hypotension

    Hypertension is high blood pressure; hypotension is low blood pressure.

  • Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

    Average pressure in arteries during one cardiac cycle; important for tissue perfusion.

  • Vascular resistance factors

    Resistance depends on vessel diameter (inversely proportional) and length (directly proportional).

  • Change in vessel diameter along circulation route

    Diameter decreases from elastic arteries to arterioles, then increases in veins.

  • Viscosity and turbulence in resistance

    Viscosity increases resistance; turbulence disrupts flow and increases resistance.

  • Relationship between velocity and total cross-sectional area

    Velocity decreases as total cross-sectional area increases, e.g., slowest in capillaries.

  • What pulse measures

    Pulse is the pressure wave caused by heartbeats, felt in arteries.

  • Role of respiratory and skeletal muscle pumps

    They aid venous return by compressing veins during breathing and movement.

  • Vasomotor and cardiac centers control

    Vasomotor center controls vessel diameter; cardiac center regulates heart rate and force.

  • Baroreceptors location and function

    Located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch; detect BP changes and trigger reflexes to maintain homeostasis.

  • Effect of baroreceptor stimulation

    Increased BP stimulates baroreceptors to lower heart rate and dilate vessels; decreased BP has opposite effect.

  • Chemoreceptors location and effect

    Located near baroreceptors; detect blood O2, CO2, pH; activation generally increases BP.

  • Hormones influencing blood pressure

    Epinephrine/norepinephrine increase BP; aldosterone increases blood volume; antidiuretic hormone promotes water retention; atrial natriuretic peptide lowers BP.

  • Simple diffusion in capillaries

    Molecules move down their concentration gradient across capillary walls.

  • Capillary hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure

    Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of capillaries; colloid osmotic pressure pulls fluid in.

  • Filtration and reabsorption in capillaries

    Filtration moves fluid out at arteriole end; reabsorption moves fluid in at venule end of capillaries.

  • Causes of edema

    Increased filtration, decreased reabsorption, or lymphatic obstruction can cause fluid accumulation (edema).