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Central Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology

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이 집합의 용어 (31)

  • What are ventricles in the brain?
    Ventricles are fluid-filled cavities in the brain lined by ependymal cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
    CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord, removes waste, and provides a stable chemical environment.
  • What are gyri, sulci, and fissures?
    Gyri are ridges, sulci are shallow grooves, and fissures are deep grooves on the cerebral hemispheres.
  • Name the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.
    The cerebral hemispheres have the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insular lobes.
  • What is the cerebral cortex responsible for?
    The cerebral cortex controls consciousness, voluntary motor functions, sensory perception, and higher brain functions.
  • What is the primary motor cortex?
    The primary motor cortex controls voluntary movements via pyramidal tracts. Damage causes loss of skilled movement.
  • What is the role of the premotor cortex?
    The premotor cortex stores programs for learned motor skills and coordinates complex movements.
  • What is Broca's area responsible for?
    Broca's area stores muscular movement programs for speech and directs the primary motor cortex.
  • Name the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.
    Primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, olfactory cortex, and gustatory cortex.
  • What is the function of the somatosensory association area?
    It integrates sensory input to produce understanding of object size, texture, and relationship of parts.
  • What is lateralization of cortical functioning?
    Lateralization refers to the specialization of each cerebral hemisphere for certain functions, like language or spatial skills.
  • What are the three types of cerebral white matter tracts?
    Commissural tracts connect hemispheres, association tracts connect regions within a hemisphere, and projection tracts connect cortex to lower brain or spinal cord.
  • What are basal nuclei?
    Basal nuclei are clusters of neurons involved in regulating voluntary motor control and procedural learning.
  • What is the thalamus and its function?
    The thalamus is a relay station for sensory information; it includes the lateral and medial geniculate bodies for visual and auditory processing.
  • What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
    The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions, hormone release, temperature, hunger, and thirst.
  • What are the mammillary bodies?
    Mammillary bodies are part of the limbic system involved in memory processing.
  • What is the function of the pineal gland?
    The pineal gland secretes melatonin and regulates circadian rhythms.
  • Name the three parts of the brainstem.
    The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
  • What are the corpora quadrigemina?
    The corpora quadrigemina are four colliculi in the midbrain: superior colliculi for visual reflexes and inferior colliculi for auditory reflexes.
  • What centers are located in the medulla oblongata?
    The medulla contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.
  • What is the role of the cerebellum?
    The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and posture.
  • What is the limbic system?
    The limbic system controls emotions, memory, and motivation.
  • What is the reticular activating system (RAS)?
    The RAS regulates wakefulness and attention by filtering sensory input.
  • What are the meninges and their layers?
    Meninges are protective membranes: dura mater (with falx cerebri), arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
  • What is the function of the choroid plexuses?
    Choroid plexuses produce cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles.
  • What is the blood-brain barrier?
    The blood-brain barrier protects the brain by restricting passage of substances from blood to brain tissue.
  • What protects the spinal cord?
    The spinal cord is protected by bone (vertebrae), meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the epidural space.
  • What are the gray matter regions of the spinal cord?
    Gray matter includes posterior horns (sensory), anterior horns (motor), and lateral horns (autonomic).
  • What are the spinal roots?
    Ventral roots carry motor fibers, dorsal roots carry sensory fibers, and dorsal root ganglia contain sensory neuron cell bodies.
  • Name the major sensory tracts in the spinal cord.
    Lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts (pain, temperature, crude touch), posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts (proprioception).
  • What are the pyramidal tracts?
    Pyramidal tracts are motor pathways including lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts controlling voluntary movement.