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Central Nervous System Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Four main regions of the brain

    Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.

  • Difference between white matter and gray matter

    White matter contains myelinated axons; gray matter contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites.

  • Five lobes of a cerebral hemisphere

    Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula lobes with sensory, motor, and association functions.

  • Difference between sulcus, gyrus, and fissure

    Sulcus is a shallow groove, gyrus is a ridge, and fissure is a deep groove in the brain.

  • Three types of fibers in cerebral white matter

    Association fibers connect areas within the same hemisphere, commissural fibers connect hemispheres, projection fibers connect cortex to lower CNS.

  • Basal nuclei and their functions

    Clusters of gray matter involved in motor control, regulating voluntary movements and posture.

  • Three components of the diencephalon

    Thalamus (sensory relay), hypothalamus (homeostasis), and epithalamus (pineal gland, circadian rhythms).

  • Cause of seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

    Reduced light exposure affects the pineal gland and melatonin production, disrupting mood regulation.

  • Three components of the brainstem

    Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, controlling vital functions and pathways.

  • Function of the cerebellum

    Coordinates balance, posture, and fine motor control.

  • What is ataxia?

    Loss of muscle coordination due to cerebellar dysfunction.

  • Regions of the brain in the limbic system and its function

    Includes hippocampus, amygdala, and others; responsible for emotion and memory.

  • Regions of the brain in the reticular formation and function of RAS

    Located in brainstem; the reticular activating system (RAS) regulates arousal and consciousness.

  • Two language areas in the brain and their locations

    Broca's area (frontal lobe) controls speech production; Wernicke's area (temporal lobe) controls language comprehension.

  • Function of the meninges and their three layers

    Protect CNS; layers are dura mater (outer), arachnoid mater (middle), and pia mater (inner).

  • Arrangement of arachnoid space, subdural space, and epidural space

    Epidural space is outside dura mater, subdural space is between dura and arachnoid, arachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid.

  • What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? How is it formed and where does it circulate?

    CSF cushions CNS, formed by choroid plexus, circulates in ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal.

  • What is hydrocephaly?

    Excess accumulation of CSF causing increased pressure in the brain.

  • Location of the four brain ventricles and their connections

    Two lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle connected by interventricular foramina and cerebral aqueduct.

  • Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

    Selective barrier formed by endothelial cells and astrocytes; protects brain from harmful substances.

  • Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

    Begins at the foramen magnum and ends near L1-L2 vertebrae at the conus medullaris.

  • External anatomy of the spinal cord

    Includes cervical and lumbar enlargements, conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale.

  • Internal anatomy of the spinal cord: matter and horns

    Gray matter forms an H-shape with anterior, posterior, and lateral horns; surrounded by white matter.

  • Which spinal horn contains sensory neurons? Motor neurons?

    Posterior horn contains sensory neurons; anterior horn contains somatic motor neurons; lateral horn contains autonomic motor neurons.