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Central Nervous System Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Ependymal cells
    Cells that line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    A clear fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord, providing protection and nutrient transport.
  • Gyri, sulci, and fissures
    Gyri are ridges, sulci are shallow grooves, and fissures are deep grooves on the cerebral hemispheres.
  • Primary motor cortex
    Region of the cerebral cortex that controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements via pyramidal tracts.
  • Pyramidal tracts
    Motor pathways originating in the primary motor cortex that control voluntary movement; damage causes loss of skilled movement.
  • Premotor cortex
    Area that stores programs for learned motor skills and coordinates complex movements.
  • Broca's area
    Region that stores muscular movement programs for speech and directs the primary motor cortex.
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
    Cortical area that receives and processes sensory information from the body.
  • Somatosensory association area
    Area that integrates sensory input to produce understanding of object size, texture, and relationship.
  • Primary visual cortex
    Region that receives visual information from the retina.
  • Visual association area
    Area that interprets visual stimuli and recognizes objects.
  • Primary auditory cortex
    Cortical area that processes auditory information.
  • Auditory association area
    Region that interprets sounds and stores memories of sounds.
  • Olfactory cortex
    Area responsible for processing smell information.
  • Gustatory cortex
    Region that processes taste sensations.
  • Prefrontal cortex
    Area involved in complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, and decision making.
  • Commissural tracts
    White matter fibers that connect corresponding areas of the two cerebral hemispheres.
  • Association tracts
    White matter fibers that connect different parts of the same hemisphere.
  • Projection tracts
    Fibers that connect the cerebral cortex with lower brain or spinal cord centers.
  • Basal nuclei
    Clusters of neurons involved in regulating voluntary motor control and procedural learning.
  • Thalamus
    Relay station for sensory information; includes lateral and medial geniculate bodies for vision and hearing.
  • Hypothalamus
    Brain region controlling autonomic functions, hormone release, and homeostasis.
  • Mammillary bodies
    Part of the hypothalamus involved in memory processing.
  • Pineal gland
    Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles.
  • Corpora quadrigemina
    Midbrain structures including superior colliculi (visual reflexes) and inferior colliculi (auditory reflexes).
  • Medulla oblongata centers
    Includes cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.
  • Limbic system
    Brain system involved in emotion, memory, and motivation.
  • Reticular activating system (RAS)
    Network that regulates wakefulness and attention.
  • Meninges
    Protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
  • Blood-brain barrier
    Selective barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood.
  • Spinal cord gray matter
    Contains posterior horns (sensory), anterior horns (motor), and lateral horns (autonomic neurons).
  • Ventral roots
    Spinal nerve roots carrying motor information from the spinal cord to muscles.
  • Dorsal roots
    Spinal nerve roots carrying sensory information to the spinal cord.
  • Lateral spinothalamic tract
    Sensory pathway transmitting pain and temperature to the brain.
  • Anterior corticospinal tract
    Motor pathway controlling voluntary movement of axial muscles.