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Chapter 4 Outline FlashCards

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이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • Define Histology

    Histology is the study of tissues, which are groups of structurally and functionally related cells and their external environment that perform common functions.

  • Four primary tissue types

    1) Epithelial tissues: tightly packed sheets covering body surfaces and forming glands.
    2) Connective tissues: bind, support, protect, and transport substances.
    3) Muscle tissues: generate force by contracting.
    4) Nervous tissues: generate, send, and receive messages.

  • Main components of extracellular matrix (ECM)

    1) Ground substance: fluid or gel with water, nutrients, ions, and macromolecules.
    2) Protein fibers: collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers embedded in ground substance.

  • Functions of ECM

    Provides strength to resist tensile and compressive forces, directs cell positioning, holds cells in place, and regulates cell development, mitosis, and survival.

  • Three types of protein fibers in ECM

    Collagen fibers: strong, resist tension.
    Elastic fibers: stretch and recoil.
    Reticular fibers: form supportive meshworks.

  • Functions of tight junctions

    Seal neighboring cells tightly to prevent passage of substances between them, maintaining distinct environments on each side.

  • Functions of desmosomes

    Provide strong adhesion between cells, resisting mechanical stress by linking cytoskeletons.

  • Functions of gap junctions

    Allow direct communication between adjacent cells through channels for ions and small molecules.

  • Epithelial tissue characteristics

    Tightly packed cells with little ECM, avascular, attached to underlying connective tissue by basement membrane composed of basal and reticular laminae.

  • Criteria for classifying epithelial tissue

    Number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

  • Simple squamous epithelium function and locations

    Thin layer for rapid diffusion; found in alveoli of lungs, lining of blood vessels, and serous membranes.

  • Function of microvilli in simple columnar epithelium

    Increase surface area to enhance absorption, especially in the small intestine.

  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium function

    Protects underlying tissues from abrasion and water loss; outer layers are dead and filled with keratin.

  • Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium locations

    Found in moist areas subject to mechanical stress such as oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anus.

  • Transitional epithelium location and function

    Lines urinary system organs; allows stretching by flattening apical cells when tissue is distended.

  • Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

    Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
    Exocrine glands release products onto body surfaces or into hollow organs via ducts.

  • Merocrine vs holocrine secretion

    Merocrine secretion: products released by exocytosis.
    Holocrine secretion: entire cell disintegrates to release product.

  • Functions of connective tissue

    Connecting and binding tissues, supporting body weight, protecting organs, and transporting substances (blood).

  • Fibroblasts function

    Resident cells that produce protein fibers and ground substance of the ECM.

  • Adipocytes function

    Store triglycerides (fat) in cytoplasm as energy reserves and provide insulation and cushioning.

  • Characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue

    Disorganized collagen fibers resist tension in multiple directions; found in dermis and organ capsules.

  • Characteristics of dense regular connective tissue

    Parallel collagen fibers resist tension in one direction; found in tendons and ligaments.

  • Cartilage cell types

    Chondroblasts: immature cells that produce ECM.
    Chondrocytes: mature cells residing in lacunae.

  • Hyaline cartilage locations

    Found in nose, trachea, larynx, and at ends of long bones.

  • Functions of bone tissue

    Supports body, protects organs, provides muscle attachment, stores calcium, and houses marrow for blood cell production.

  • Types of muscle tissue

    Skeletal muscle: striated, voluntary, multinucleated.
    Cardiac muscle: striated, involuntary, branched, single nucleus.
    Smooth muscle: non-striated, involuntary, spindle-shaped cells.

  • Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle

    Specialized junctions containing gap junctions and desmosomes that allow coordinated contraction.

  • Main cell types in nervous tissue

    Neurons: excitable cells that transmit signals.
    Neuroglial cells: support and protect neurons, capable of mitosis.

  • Functions of neuroglial cells

    Provide structural support, supply nutrients, remove waste, and protect neurons.