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Endocrine System - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Major functions of the endocrine system
    Regulates body functions by releasing hormones that control metabolism, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis.
  • Define hormone
    A chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands that travels through the blood to target cells to regulate physiology.
  • Endocrine gland vs endocrine tissue (organ)
    Endocrine glands are specialized organs that secrete hormones; endocrine tissues are hormone-producing cells within organs.
  • Define target cell
    A cell that has specific receptors for a hormone and responds to that hormone's signal.
  • Compare nervous and endocrine system control
    Nervous system uses electrical impulses for rapid, short-term control; endocrine system uses hormones for slower, long-lasting regulation.
  • Major chemical classes of hormones
    Peptides/proteins, steroids, and amines.
  • Transport of peptide hormones in blood
    Peptide hormones are water-soluble and travel freely dissolved in the plasma.
  • Transport of steroid hormones in blood
    Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and travel bound to carrier proteins.
  • Receptor types for peptide hormones
    Peptide hormones bind to cell membrane receptors because they cannot cross the lipid membrane.
  • Receptor types for steroid hormones
    Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors inside the cytoplasm or nucleus.
  • Mechanism of peptide hormone action
    Activate second messenger systems via membrane receptors to alter cell function quickly.
  • Mechanism of steroid hormone action
    Enter the cell, bind intracellular receptors, and regulate gene transcription to change protein synthesis.
  • Types of stimuli controlling hormone secretion
    Humoral (blood chemistry), neural (nerve signals), and hormonal (other hormones).
  • Role of negative feedback in hormone release
    Decreases hormone secretion when target effects are sufficient to maintain homeostasis.
  • Role of positive feedback in hormone release
    Increases hormone secretion to amplify a response until a specific event occurs.
  • Anatomical relationship: hypothalamus and pituitary glands
    Hypothalamus controls anterior and posterior pituitary glands via releasing/inhibiting hormones and neural connections.
  • Define releasing hormone
    Hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate the anterior pituitary to release specific hormones.
  • Define inhibiting hormone
    Hormones from the hypothalamus that suppress anterior pituitary hormone secretion.
  • Define tropic hormone
    Hormones from the anterior pituitary that regulate hormone secretion by other endocrine glands.
  • Hypothalamus role in anterior pituitary hormone release
    Secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophyseal portal system to regulate anterior pituitary.
  • Hypothalamus role in posterior pituitary hormone release
    Produces oxytocin and ADH, which are transported and released by the posterior pituitary.
  • Hormone source: pituitary gland
    Anterior pituitary produces hormones like GH, ACTH, TSH; posterior pituitary releases oxytocin and ADH.
  • Hormone source: thyroid gland
    Produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4 and calcitonin.
  • Hormone source: parathyroid gland
    Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium levels.
  • Hormone source: adrenal gland layers
    Cortex produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens; medulla produces catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine).
  • Hormone source: pancreas
    Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose.
  • Hormone source: testes and ovaries
    Testes produce testosterone; ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
  • Stimulus for hormone release
    Hormone release is triggered by changes in blood chemistry, neural input, or other hormones.
  • Effect of tropic hormones
    Stimulate target endocrine glands to produce and release their hormones.