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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology: Cellular Level

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이 집합의 용어 (30)

  • What are cells in the human body?
    Cells are the smallest living units in the human body (eukaryotic cells) and the building blocks of all organisms.
  • What is the function of the plasma membrane?
    The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of a cell, allowing selective transport of substances and separating intracellular and extracellular fluids.
  • What are the major components of the plasma membrane?
    Phospholipids and cholesterol are major components; phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
  • What role does cholesterol play in the plasma membrane?
    Cholesterol stiffens the plasma membrane, making it less fluid and less permeable.
  • What are integral and peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane?
    Integral proteins are embedded in the membrane; transmembrane proteins span the membrane. Peripheral proteins are bound to the membrane surface.
  • What are the three major parts of the cytoplasm?
    Cytosol (intracellular fluid), organelles (internal structures with specific functions), and inclusions (insoluble materials like glycogen granules).
  • What distinguishes nonmembranous from membranous organelles?
    Nonmembranous organelles lack membranes and contact cytosol directly; membranous organelles are enclosed by phospholipid membranes.
  • Name three types of cytoskeletal fibers.
    Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
  • What are the functions of microfilaments?
    Provide mechanical strength, attach plasma membrane to cytoplasm, and determine cytosol consistency.
  • What is the role of intermediate filaments?
    Strengthen the cell, maintain cell shape, and stabilize organelle positions.
  • Describe microtubules and their functions.
    Largest cytoskeletal fibers; hollow tubes of tubulin that maintain cell shape, anchor organelles, assist in movement, and form spindle apparatus.
  • What is the centrosome and its function?
    A cytoplasmic region near the nucleus that organizes microtubules; contains centrioles that form the spindle apparatus during cell division.
  • What are ribosomes and their function?
    Organelles composed of rRNA and proteins that synthesize proteins; can be free in cytoplasm or fixed on rough ER.
  • What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
    Smooth ER (SER) lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids; Rough ER (RER) has ribosomes and synthesizes and modifies proteins.
  • What are the main functions of the Golgi apparatus?
    Modifies and packages secretions, further modifies proteins, and packages digestive enzymes into lysosomes.
  • What are lysosomes and their functions?
    Vesicles with digestive enzymes that hydrolyze polymers, recycle organelles, destroy bacteria, and perform autolysis.
  • What is the function of mitochondria?
    Produce energy in the form of ATP; number varies by cell type according to energy demand.
  • What are the main functions of the nucleus?
    Stores genetic information (DNA), controls protein synthesis, and determines cell structure and function.
  • What is the nuclear envelope and nuclear pores?
    Double membrane surrounding the nucleus; nuclear pores allow regulated exchange of RNA and proteins between nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • What is the nucleolus and its role?
    Nuclear organelle that synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomal subunits.
  • What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?
    DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into a protein.
  • What is transcription?
    Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, occurring in the nucleus.
  • What is translation?
    Synthesis of a polypeptide from an mRNA template at the ribosome.
  • What is diffusion?
    Passive movement of substances from higher to lower concentration down their concentration gradient.
  • What is osmosis?
    Net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane toward higher solute concentration.
  • Define tonicity and its types.
    Tonicity describes solute concentration effects on cells: isotonic (equal), hypotonic (cell swells), hypertonic (cell shrinks).
  • What is carrier-mediated transport?
    Transport involving integral membrane proteins that bind and carry specific substances; can be passive or active.
  • What is the sodium-potassium pump?
    An active transport pump exchanging 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in per ATP hydrolyzed to maintain homeostasis.
  • What are the phases of the cell life cycle?
    Interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) for growth and DNA replication, followed by M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis) for cell division.
  • What occurs during mitosis?
    Nuclear division with stages prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, resulting in two identical daughter nuclei.