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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology - Chapter 1

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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

  • What does the principle of complementarity of structure and function state?

    All specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a structure relates to its function.

  • Name the types of gross anatomy.

    Surface anatomy, regional anatomy, sectional anatomy, systemic anatomy, clinical anatomy, pathological anatomy, radiologic anatomy, surgical anatomy, developmental anatomy (including embryology).

  • What is microscopic anatomy?

    Microscopic anatomy examines structures that can only be seen using magnification, such as cells and molecules. It includes cytology (study of cells) and histology (study of tissues).

  • What are the levels of organization in the human body?

    Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels.

  • Define homeostasis.

    Homeostasis is the continuous physiological process that establishes a relatively stable internal environment.

  • What are the two main types of homeostatic regulation?

    Autoregulation (local automatic response) and extrinsic regulation (controlled by nervous or endocrine systems).

  • What are the components of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism?

    Receptor (sensor), control center (processes info), and effector (carries out commands).

  • Describe negative feedback.

    Negative feedback opposes variation from normal by negating the original stimulus to maintain variables within a normal range.

  • Describe positive feedback.

    Positive feedback amplifies the original change in conditions and is used when a process must be completed quickly to restore homeostasis.

  • What is the anatomical position?

    Standard reference position with hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together.

  • What are the three main sectional planes of the body?

    Frontal (coronal) plane divides body into anterior and posterior, sagittal plane divides into left and right, transverse (horizontal) plane divides into superior and inferior portions.

  • What is the function of body cavities?

    Protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts and permit changes in size and shape of internal organs.

  • Name the major body cavities in the trunk.

    Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity (which includes abdominal and pelvic cavities).

  • What is the serous membrane?

    A thin membrane lining body cavities and covering organs, consisting of parietal (lines cavity) and visceral (covers organ) layers with serous fluid to reduce friction.

  • What is the mediastinum?

    A mass of connective tissue in the thoracic cavity that stabilizes the trachea, esophagus, thymus, and large vessels of the heart; contains the pericardial cavity.

  • What are abdominopelvic quadrants and regions used for?

    Dividing the abdominopelvic area into four quadrants or nine regions to locate organs and describe pain or abnormalities.

  • What is the difference between signs and symptoms in clinical evaluation?

    Signs are objective disease indications (e.g., fever), while symptoms are subjective indications (e.g., tiredness).

  • How do physicians use the scientific method in diagnosis?

    By careful observation, proposing a hypothesis, and testing it through experimentation.

  • What is dynamic equilibrium in homeostasis?

    Physiological systems continually adapt and adjust to changing conditions, allowing normal ranges to vary depending on circumstances.