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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology - Chapter 1

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이 집합의 용어 (28)

  • Define anatomy and physiology.

    Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships. Physiology is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

  • What are the major types of anatomy?

    Gross anatomy studies large structures visible to the naked eye. Microscopic anatomy studies structures seen only with magnification, including cytology (cells) and histology (tissues).

  • List the types of gross anatomy.

    Surface, regional, sectional, systemic, clinical, pathological, radiologic, surgical, developmental anatomy, and embryology.

  • What are the types of physiology?

    Cell physiology, organ physiology, systemic physiology, and pathological physiology.

  • What is the scientific method used by physicians for diagnosis?

    Careful observation, proposing a hypothesis, and testing it through experimentation.

  • Name the six levels of organization in the human body.

    Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels.

  • What is the chemical level of organization?

    Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter; molecules consist of two or more atoms.

  • Define the cellular level.

    Cells are the smallest living units of the body.

  • What is the tissue level?

    A tissue is a group of cells working together to perform specific functions.

  • Describe the organ level.

    Organs are made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions.

  • What is an organ system?

    A group of organs interacting for a particular function; humans have 11 organ systems.

  • What is medical terminology based on?

    Word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to build terms related to the body in health and disease.

  • What is the anatomical position?

    Standard reference position with hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together.

  • Define supine and prone positions.

    Supine: lying face up; Prone: lying face down.

  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?

    Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ).

  • What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?

    Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left inguinal, and hypogastric (pubic) regions.

  • Describe the frontal (coronal) plane.

    A vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.

  • What is the sagittal plane?

    A vertical plane dividing the body into left and right portions; midsagittal lies in the middle, parasagittal is offset.

  • Define the transverse (horizontal) plane.

    A plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions; a cut here is a transverse or cross section.

  • What are the major body cavities of the trunk?

    Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm.

  • What does the thoracic cavity contain?

    Right and left pleural cavities (lungs), pericardial cavity (heart), and mediastinum (connective tissue mass).

  • Describe the abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions.

    Superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity; contains the peritoneal cavity lined by parietal and visceral peritoneum.

  • What is homeostasis?

    Continuous physiological processes that maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • What are the mechanisms of homeostatic regulation?

    Autoregulation (local response) and extrinsic regulation (nervous and endocrine system control).

  • What are the components of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism?

    Receptor (sensor), control center (processes info), and effector (carries out commands).

  • Explain negative feedback.

    A regulatory mechanism that opposes variation from normal, negating the original stimulus to maintain variables within a normal range.

  • Explain positive feedback.

    A regulatory mechanism that amplifies the original change, used to complete processes quickly to restore homeostasis.

  • What is dynamic equilibrium in homeostasis?

    Physiological systems continually adapt and adjust to changing conditions, keeping variables within a normal range that can vary.