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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology - Chapter 1 & 2

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이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy describes the structures of the body, including what they are made of, where they are located, and associated structures.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of the functions of anatomical structures, including individual and cooperative functions.

  • Name the major levels of organization in the human body from simplest to most complex.

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism levels.

  • What are the four major types of tissues?

    Epithelium, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, and Nervous tissue.

  • List the 11 major organ systems of the human body.

    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

  • What are the primary functions of the integumentary system?

    Protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, and provides sensory information.

  • Define homeostasis.

    Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment by all body systems working together to keep variables within normal ranges.

  • What are the three components of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism?

    Receptor (detects stimulus), Control center (processes signal), Effector (carries out instructions).

  • Explain negative feedback in homeostasis.

    Negative feedback negates the original stimulus to bring the body back to homeostasis and maintain normal range.

  • Explain positive feedback in homeostasis.

    Positive feedback amplifies the original change, moving the body away from homeostasis temporarily to complete a process quickly.

  • What is an atom?

    The smallest stable unit of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

  • What determines the chemical properties of an atom?

    The number of protons (atomic number) and the arrangement of electrons in energy levels.

  • Define isotope and radioisotope.

    Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons; radioisotopes have unstable, radioactive nuclei.

  • What are the three major types of chemical bonds?

    Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds.

  • Describe ionic bonds.

    Attractions between cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions) formed by the transfer of electrons.

  • Describe covalent bonds.

    Strong bonds formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons between atoms.

  • What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

    Polar bonds share electrons unequally, creating partial charges; nonpolar bonds share electrons equally.

  • What are hydrogen bonds?

    Weak polar bonds between molecules based on electrical attractions between slight positive and negative charges.

  • What is the pH scale and what does it measure?

    The pH scale measures the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, indicating acidity or alkalinity.

  • Define acids, bases, and salts in terms of hydrogen ions.

    Acids donate H+ ions, bases accept H+ ions, and salts dissociate into ions other than H+ or OH-.

  • What is the role of buffers in the body?

    Buffers stabilize pH by neutralizing strong acids or bases, maintaining homeostasis.

  • What are monomers and polymers?

    Monomers are identical small molecules that join to form polymers, which are large macromolecules.

  • What elements primarily compose carbohydrates?

    Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

  • What are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

    Monosaccharides are simple sugars; disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined; polysaccharides are long chains of sugars.

  • What are lipids and their main types?

    Hydrophobic molecules including fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids, and glycolipids.

  • Describe the structure of proteins.

    Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, with four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

  • What are enzymes and their function?

    Enzymes are protein catalysts that lower activation energy to speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed.

  • What are nucleic acids and their function?

    DNA and RNA store and process genetic information and direct protein synthesis.

  • What is ATP and its role?

    Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary high-energy compound that stores and transfers energy in cells.