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Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Endocrine Functions

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이 집합의 용어 (21)

  • What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

    The hypothalamus regulates hunger, thirst, fluid balance, body temperature, sleep/wake cycle, and reproductive functions. It controls the pituitary gland via the infundibulum stalk.

  • What are the two parts of the pituitary gland and their tissue types?

    The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is glandular tissue that secretes hormones. The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is nervous tissue that stores neurohormones made by the hypothalamus.

  • Which hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

    Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) and oxytocin are stored in the posterior pituitary but made in the hypothalamus.

  • What is the main physiological role of ADH (vasopressin)?

    ADH regulates body fluid osmolarity by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys and can cause vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure.

  • What triggers the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary?

    ADH release is stimulated by increased blood solute concentration, decreased blood volume or pressure, pain, and certain CNS disorders.

  • What condition results from a lack of ADH secretion or activity?

    Diabetes insipidus causes extreme thirst, dehydration, and high blood solute concentration; treated with synthetic ADH.

  • How does ADH affect urine production?

    ADH decreases urine production by increasing water retention in the kidneys, acting as an antidiuretic.

  • What are the main functions of oxytocin stored in the posterior pituitary?

    Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection from mammary glands via myoepithelial cell contraction.

  • How is oxytocin release regulated?

    Oxytocin release is stimulated by infant suckling (positive feedback) and can be inhibited by emotional stress, fright, ethanol, or sympathetic excitation.

  • What are tropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?

    Tropic hormones include TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH; they regulate hormone secretion from other endocrine glands.

  • Name the non-tropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary.

    Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin are non-tropic hormones that act directly on target tissues.

  • How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary?

    Hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the portal system, which regulate anterior pituitary hormone secretion.

  • What is the role of negative feedback in hypothalamic-pituitary regulation?

    Negative feedback loops maintain hormone levels by regulating hypothalamic, pituitary, and target gland hormone secretion.

  • What hormones does TRH stimulate the anterior pituitary to release?

    Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL).

  • What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

    ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids like cortisol, affecting glucose metabolism.

  • What are the functions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

    FSH promotes gamete production; LH triggers ovulation and sex hormone secretion in females and androgen production in males.

  • What stimulates growth hormone (GH) release and what are its target tissues?

    Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates GH release; targets include muscle, liver, bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue.

  • What are the short-term metabolic effects of growth hormone?

    GH promotes lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and inhibits glucose uptake by muscles, increasing blood glucose and fatty acids.

  • What are the long-term effects of growth hormone?

    GH induces IGF production, stimulating protein synthesis, cell division, bone growth, and muscle development.

  • What conditions result from hypersecretion of growth hormone?

    Gigantism occurs before epiphyseal plate closure; acromegaly occurs after, causing enlarged bones and organs.

  • What is pituitary dwarfism and its cause?

    Pituitary dwarfism is short stature with proportional limbs caused by GH deficiency or insensitivity.