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Integumentary System - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • What components make up the integumentary system?
    The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, glands, and sensory receptors.
  • What are the main parts of the cutaneous membrane (skin)?
    The cutaneous membrane includes the epidermis (epithelial tissue), dermis (connective tissue), and accessory structures like hair, nails, and glands.
  • List four broad functions of the integumentary system.
    Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and expressive communication.
  • What is thermoregulation in the integumentary system?
    Thermoregulation is the process of maintaining a stable internal body temperature through mechanisms like vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and sweating.
  • How does vasoconstriction help regulate body temperature?
    Vasoconstriction narrows blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the skin to retain heat when the body is cold.
  • How does vasodilation help regulate body temperature?
    Vasodilation widens blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the skin to release heat when the body is hot.
  • What role does sweating play in thermoregulation?
    Sweating cools the body by secreting water-based sweat onto the skin, which evaporates and dissipates heat.
  • What is the primary cell type in the epidermis and its function?
    Keratinocytes are the most abundant epidermal cells responsible for producing keratin, a tough, fibrous protein that provides mechanical strength and water resistance.
  • Name the four main types of cells in the epidermis.
    Keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic (Langerhans) cells, and tactile (Merkel) epithelial cells.
  • What is the function of melanocytes?
    Melanocytes produce melanin, a pigment that protects the skin from UV damage.
  • What is the role of dendritic (Langerhans) cells?
    Dendritic cells help initiate immune responses to protect against pathogens.
  • What do tactile (Merkel) epithelial cells do?
    They work with nerves to detect touch sensations.
  • How many layers does the epidermis have and what are they?
    The epidermis has five layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum.
  • What is the function of the stratum basale?
    The stratum basale is the deepest layer where cells divide and differentiate to maintain the epidermis; it contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells.
  • What happens in the stratum granulosum?
    Keratinocytes stop dividing, begin keratinization by filling with keratin, and start to harden and die.
  • What distinguishes thick skin from thin skin?
    Thick skin contains the stratum lucidum, lacks hair follicles and oil glands, and is found on palms and soles; thin skin lacks stratum lucidum and has hair follicles and oil glands.
  • What are the two layers of the dermis?
    The dermis has the papillary layer (superficial, loose connective tissue with capillaries and touch receptors) and the reticular layer (deep, dense connective tissue with glands and pressure receptors).
  • What are dermal papillae and their function?
    Dermal papillae are folded projections in the papillary layer that indent the epidermis, forming fingerprints and enhancing grip.
  • What are cleavage (tension) lines in the dermis?
    Cleavage lines are parallel orientations of collagen fibers; incisions along these lines heal faster and reduce scarring.
  • What is the hypodermis and its functions?
    The hypodermis lies below the dermis, composed mostly of adipose tissue; it anchors skin, acts as a shock absorber, insulates, and reduces heat loss.