Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

is the ability of an organism to detect and respond to changes in its environment (being able to react to stimuli).

occurs as cellular division for growth and repair, and production of a new organism.

Chemicals range in size from tiny atoms to complex structures called molecule

Groups of several different types of molecules combine in specific ways to form structures

are groups of two or more cell types working together to perform a common function.

is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions.

The human body has 11 organ systems that work together to maintain life.

studies the body by organ systems, such as the cardiovascular or nervous system.

studies all structures in a specific body region, like the head or chest.

studies structures too small to be seen with the naked eye, including histology (tissues) and cytology (cells).

standing upright, facing forward, feet flat, arms at sides with palms facing forward.

refers to the front of the body or body part.

refers to the back of the body or body part.

Proximal means closer to the point of attachment or origin; distal means farther from it.

The two major body cavities are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity.

it protects the brain (cranial cavity) and spinal cord (vertebral cavity).

The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

The mediastinum contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus. (no serous membrane)

Serous fluid reduces friction between the layers of serous membranes during organ movement.

is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

The principle states that structure follows function, meaning anatomy and physiology are closely linked.

Gradients (differences in concentration, temperature, or pressure) drive many physiological processes.

Negative feedback loops oppose changes to maintain stability; positive feedback loops reinforce changes until a specific event occurs.

cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix

study of the surface markings of the human body

study of structures that can can be seen with the un-aided eye.

study of tissue

study of cells

Medial is a position closer to the center of the body; lateral is a position that is further from the midline.

head, shoulder, and trunk

upper and lower limbs or appendages

sagittal plane separates the body into left and right sections; midsagittal splits the body down the midline into left and right sections.

divides body into anterior and posterior sections

splits body into superior and inferior halves

plural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity

the superior abdominal cavity, diaphragm, pelvic cavity

layer of the serous membrane that in contact with the organ.

the outermost layer of the serous membrane

contours the thoracic wall with a parietal and visceral layer that surrounds the lungs

separates the heart from the mediastinum and surrounds the heart

surrounds some of the abdominal organs - space between the layers (visceral and peri) contains the peritoneal cavity

exists when the heater is closer to the heater itself

the amount of substance changes over the range

exists when there is pressure inside a syringe but not outside of it

with nerve cells or muscle cells, in which one cell triggers a response from another cell.

movement, response to stimuli, reproduction, excretion, metabolism, cellular composition, growth.