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Nervous System Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Functions of the Nervous System
    Sensory input monitors stimuli inside and outside the body, Integration interprets sensory input, and Motor output activates effector organs to respond.
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
    Consists of the brain and spinal cord; acts as the integration and command center of the nervous system.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
    Includes all neural structures outside the CNS such as cranial and spinal nerves, sensory receptors, and ganglia; connects CNS to the rest of the body.
  • Sensory (Afferent) Division of PNS
    Carries impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS; includes somatic sensory fibers from skin and muscles and visceral sensory fibers from organs.
  • Motor (Efferent) Division of PNS
    Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs like muscles and glands.
  • Structure of a Nerve
    A nerve is a cordlike organ of the PNS made of peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissues: endoneurium surrounds axons, perineurium bundles fibers into fascicles, and epineurium surrounds the entire nerve.
  • Classification of Nerves
    Nerves can be sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), or mixed (both sensory and motor fibers). Mixed nerves are the most common.
  • Cranial Nerves
    Twelve pairs arise from the brain, numbered I to XII, with sensory, motor, or mixed functions; four carry parasympathetic fibers.
  • Olfactory Nerve (I)
    Sensory nerve for smell; fibers arise from olfactory epithelium and pass through the cribriform plate to the olfactory cortex.
  • Optic Nerve (II)
    Sensory nerve for vision; arises from retina, passes through optic canals, crosses at optic chiasm, and projects to visual cortex.
  • Oculomotor Nerve (III)
    Motor nerve controlling most eye muscles, eyelid elevation, pupil constriction, and lens shape; contains parasympathetic fibers.
  • Trochlear Nerve (IV)
    Motor nerve that innervates the superior oblique muscle to direct the eyeball.
  • Trigeminal Nerve (V)
    Mixed nerve with three divisions (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular); sensory for face and motor for mastication.
  • Abducens Nerve (VI)
    Motor nerve that innervates the lateral rectus muscle to abduct the eyeball.
  • Facial Nerve (VII)
    Mixed nerve controlling facial expression muscles, taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue, and autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands.
  • Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
    Sensory nerve for hearing and balance; has cochlear and vestibular divisions.
  • Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
    Mixed nerve with motor fibers to pharynx and parotid gland, sensory fibers for taste and general sensation from tongue and pharynx.
  • Vagus Nerve (X)
    Mixed nerve extending beyond head and neck; parasympathetic motor fibers to heart, lungs, and viscera; sensory for taste.
  • Accessory Nerve (XI)
    Primarily motor nerve supplying muscles of the larynx, pharynx, soft palate, trapezius, and sternocleidomastoid.
  • Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
    Motor nerve innervating intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles for swallowing and speech.
  • Spinal Nerves
    Thirty-one pairs of mixed nerves named by region: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal; supply the body except the head.
  • Nerve Plexuses
    Networks of ventral rami (except T2-T12) forming cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses; provide multiple pathways to muscles.
  • Cervical Plexus
    Formed by C1-C4 ventral rami; includes the phrenic nerve, which controls the diaphragm.
  • Brachial Plexus
    Formed by C5-C8 and T1; innervates the upper limb.
  • Lumbar Plexus
    Arises from L1-L4; innervates thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle; major nerves include femoral and obturator.
  • Sacral Plexus
    Arises from L4-S4; serves buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum; major nerve is the sciatic nerve.