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Peripheral Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    The PNS consists of all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, connecting the CNS to limbs and organs.

  • What are the two divisions of the PNS?

    The sensory (afferent) division and the motor (efferent) division.

  • What are the two divisions of the motor (efferent) division?

    The somatic nervous system (voluntary control) and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary control).

  • Which division is fight-or-flight? Rest-and-digest?

    Sympathetic division controls fight-or-flight; parasympathetic division controls rest-and-digest.

  • What is a nerve? How do sensory, motor, and mixed nerves differ?

    A nerve is a bundle of axons in the PNS. Sensory nerves carry impulses to CNS, motor nerves carry impulses from CNS, and mixed nerves carry both.

  • Where do the cranial nerves originate? Spinal nerves?

    Cranial nerves originate from the brain; spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord.

  • What are the three layers of connective tissue around spinal nerves?

    Endoneurium surrounds individual axons, perineurium surrounds fascicles, and epineurium surrounds the entire nerve.

  • What is a nerve root? Which root contains sensory neurons? Motor neurons?

    Nerve roots connect spinal nerves to the spinal cord. The dorsal root contains sensory neurons; the ventral root contains motor neurons.

  • What is a plexus? Which plexus includes the phrenic, femoral, and sciatic nerves?

    A plexus is a network of intersecting spinal nerves. The cervical plexus includes the phrenic nerve; the lumbar plexus includes the femoral nerve; the sacral plexus includes the sciatic nerve.

  • What is a dermatome? Why is it clinically significant?

    A dermatome is an area of skin innervated by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve. It helps diagnose nerve damage or spinal cord injury.

  • What is an exteroreceptor? Interoreceptor?

    Exteroreceptors detect stimuli from outside the body; interoreceptors detect internal stimuli from organs.

  • What are the different types of sensory receptors and their stimuli?

    Mechanoreceptors: touch/pressure; thermoreceptors: temperature; nociceptors: pain; photoreceptors: light; chemoreceptors: chemicals.

  • What is a reflex?

    A reflex is a rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus to protect the body.

  • Describe the pathway nerve impulses travel in a reflex arc.

    Impulse travels from receptor to sensory neuron, then to integration center in CNS, then to motor neuron, and finally to effector muscle or gland.