뒤로Physiology Unit 1 Exam
이 집합의 용어 (29)
Physiology is the study of the functions and processes of living organisms and their parts.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Includes receptor (detects change), control center (processes info), and effector (carries out response).
Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain balance; e.g., body temperature regulation.
Positive feedback amplifies a change; e.g., blood clotting or childbirth contractions.
Biological processes have an optimum range and a range of tolerance between maximum and minimum limits for survival.
Feed forward control anticipates change to maintain homeostasis; e.g., salivation before eating.
Extrinsic controls come from outside the organ (e.g., nervous system), intrinsic controls are local to the organ.
Matter is anything with mass and volume; elements are pure substances; atoms are smallest units of elements.
Includes oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.
Ionic bonds transfer electrons, covalent bonds share electrons, hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.
Water is a universal solvent, has high heat capacity, cohesion, adhesion, and participates in chemical reactions.
Acids release H+, bases accept H+, buffers maintain pH balance.
pH measures hydrogen ion concentration; scale ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), 7 is neutral.
Organic molecules contain carbon; main types are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Monomers are single units; polymers are chains of monomers (e.g., glucose is monomer, starch is polymer).
Provide energy, store energy, and serve as structural components.
Include fats, phospholipids, steroids; functions: energy storage, membrane structure, signaling.
Saturated fats have no double bonds, unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds, trans fats are artificially hydrogenated unsaturated fats.
Primary: amino acid sequence; secondary: alpha helices and beta sheets; tertiary: 3D folding; quaternary: multiple polypeptides.
Process of copying DNA before cell division; it is semiconservative, producing two DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand.
G1: growth, S: DNA synthesis, G2: preparation for mitosis, M: mitosis and cytokinesis.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death important for development and tissue homeostasis.
ATP is the main energy currency of the cell, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
Includes glycolysis (cytoplasm), Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix), and electron transport chain (inner mitochondrial membrane).
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
Tonicity describes solution effect on cell volume: isotonic (no change), hypotonic (cell swells), hypertonic (cell shrinks).
Includes autocrine (self), paracrine (nearby cells), and endocrine (distant cells via blood).
Passive transport requires no energy and moves substances down their gradient; active transport requires energy to move substances against their gradient.