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Quizam 1 Study: Heart

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (31)

  • Where is the heart located?
    In the mediastinum/pericardial cavity, medial to lungs, posterior to sternum, anterior to vertebral column. About 2/3 lies left of the midsternal line. Apex rests on diaphragm.
  • What are the layers of the pericardium?
    Fibrous pericardium → parietal serous pericardium → pericardial cavity/fluid → visceral serous pericardium.
  • What are the three layers of the heart wall?
    Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
  • Which chamber has the thickest myocardium and why?
    The left ventricle because it must generate the most pressure for systemic circulation.
  • What does each heart chamber receive?
    RA = deoxygenated blood from venae cavae. RV = from RA. LA = oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins. LV = from LA.
  • Where are the four heart valves located?
    Tricuspid: RA→RV. Pulmonary semilunar: RV→pulmonary trunk. Mitral: LA→LV. Aortic semilunar: LV→aorta.
  • What are chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?
    Chordae tendineae attach AV valve flaps to papillary muscles. Papillary muscles are cone-shaped ventricular muscles.
  • What are trabeculae carneae, pectinate muscles, and fossa ovalis?
    Trabeculae carneae = ventricular muscle ridges. Pectinate muscles = atrial muscle bundles. Fossa ovalis = depression in interatrial septum.
  • Trace one drop of blood from vena cava to aorta.
    Vena cava → RA → tricuspid → RV → pulmonary semilunar → pulmonary trunk → lungs → pulmonary veins → LA → mitral → LV → aorta.
  • Which great vessels attach to each chamber?
    RA = SVC + IVC. LA = pulmonary veins. RV = pulmonary trunk. LV = aorta.
  • Where do the right and left coronary arteries originate?
    From the aorta.
  • What areas are supplied by the major coronary arteries?
    Marginal = lateral right wall. Circumflex = left atrium + posterior LV. Posterior interventricular = posterior ventricular walls. Anterior interventricular = interventricular septum + anterior walls of both ventricles.
  • What is the coronary sinus?
    A posterior venous structure that drains deoxygenated blood from myocardium into the right atrium.
  • What specializations allow cardiac muscle cells to function effectively?

    Gap junctions = communication.

    Desmosomes = adhesion.

    Myoglobin/mitochondria = aerobic metabolism.

    Pacemaker cells = automaticity.

  • What is an ECG?
    A graphical recording of the heart’s electrical activity during the cardiac cycle.
  • What do the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave represent?

    P = atrial depolarization.

    QRS = ventricular depolarization.

    T = ventricular repolarization.

  • What do the PR and ST intervals represent?

    PR = beginning atrial excitation to beginning ventricular excitation.

    ST = period when ventricular myocardium is depolarized.

  • What are sinus tachycardia and sinus bradycardia?
    Tachycardia = >100 bpm. Bradycardia = <60 bpm.
  • What is the difference between 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-degree AV block?

    1st = all impulses pass but delayed.

    2nd = some impulses pass.

    3rd = no impulses pass.

  • Distinguish atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular fibrillation.
    Atrial flutter = one ectopic atrial pacemaker. Atrial fibrillation = more than one ectopic atrial pacemaker. Ventricular fibrillation = more than one ectopic ventricular pacemaker.
  • What is the cardiac cycle?
    All events during one complete heartbeat, including contraction and relaxation.
  • What happens during ventricular filling/diastole?
    Pressure low. AV valves open. Semilunar valves closed. About 70% of EDV enters passively.
  • What happens during ventricular systole/ejection?
    Ventricular pressure rises → AV valves close → semilunar valves open → blood is ejected.
  • What happens during early ventricular diastole?
    Ventricles relax, pressure falls, semilunar valves close, and the dicrotic notch occurs.
  • What causes the first and second heart sounds?

    S1 = AV valves close at beginning of ventricular systole.

    S2 = semilunar valves close at beginning of ventricular diastole.

  • When are murmurs from stenotic or insufficient valves heard?

    Stenotic mitral = diastole.

    Insufficient mitral = systole.

    Stenotic aortic = systole.

    Insufficient semilunar = diastole.

  • What is an isovolumetric period?
    A period when the blood volume in each ventricle stays constant.
  • What is cardiac output?
    Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute. CO = HR × SV.
  • What is stroke volume?
    Amount of blood ejected by one ventricle in one heartbeat. SV = EDV − ESV.
  • What are EDV and ESV?

    EDV = blood in ventricle before contraction.

    ESV = blood remaining after contraction.

  • What are preload, contractility, and afterload?

    Preload = ventricular stretch before contraction.

    Contractility = strength of contraction.

    Afterload = resistance the ventricles must overcome.