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Respiratory System 22.1

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  • Primary functions of the respiratory system
    Provide oxygen for cellular respiration, remove carbon dioxide, and maintain acid-base balance.
  • Conducting zone of the respiratory system
    Includes organs and structures that provide a route for air, remove debris, and warm and humidify incoming air.
  • Respiratory zone of the respiratory system
    Structures directly involved in gas exchange, including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
  • External nose components
    Root, bridge, dorsum nasi, apex, alae (cartilaginous sides of nostrils), nostrils (nares), and philtrum.
  • Nasal septum composition
    Anteriorly septal cartilage; posteriorly perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and vomer bone.
  • Function of nasal conchae
    Increase surface area, disrupt airflow to warm, humidify, and trap debris in the nasal cavity.
  • Paranasal sinuses function
    Warm and humidify air, produce mucus, and lighten the skull's weight.
  • Respiratory epithelium characteristics
    Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells that produce mucus and cilia that move debris toward the throat.
  • Pharynx divisions
    Nasopharynx (air only), oropharynx (air and food), and laryngopharynx (air and food, leads to esophagus and larynx).
  • Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
    Lymphoid tissue in nasopharynx that traps and destroys pathogens; large in children and regress with age.
  • Role of the uvula and soft palate during swallowing
    Swing upward to close off the nasopharynx, preventing food from entering the nasal cavity.
  • Larynx major cartilages
    Thyroid cartilage (largest), epiglottis (elastic cartilage covering trachea), and cricoid cartilage (ring-shaped).
  • True vocal cords
    Membranous folds attached to thyroid and arytenoid cartilages that vibrate to produce sound.
  • Function of the epiglottis
    Covers the tracheal opening during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the airway.
  • Trachea structure
    16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings connected by fibroelastic membrane and trachealis muscle; lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
  • Bronchial tree
    Branching system of bronchi and bronchioles that conduct air into the lungs; lined with mucus-producing epithelium and supported by cartilage.
  • Difference between bronchi and bronchioles
    Bronchi have cartilage rings; bronchioles lack cartilage and have muscular walls to regulate airflow.
  • Alveoli function
    Small sacs where gas exchange occurs between air and blood.
  • Type I alveolar cells
    Squamous epithelial cells covering 97% of alveolar surface; thin for gas diffusion.
  • Type II alveolar cells
    Secrete pulmonary surfactant to reduce alveolar surface tension and prevent collapse.
  • Alveolar macrophages
    Phagocytic immune cells that remove debris and pathogens in alveoli.
  • Respiratory membrane
    Thin barrier (~0.5 μm) formed by alveolar and capillary walls allowing gas diffusion.
  • Asthma characteristics
    Chronic inflammation, edema, bronchospasms, and excessive mucus secretion causing airway obstruction.
  • Common asthma triggers
    Dust, pollen, pet dander, weather changes, mold, tobacco smoke, infections, exercise, and stress.
  • Symptoms of an asthma attack
    Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness; severe attacks cause cyanosis, confusion, and rapid pulse.
  • Asthma treatment methods
    Short-term fast-acting inhalers or nebulizers; long-term medications for severe cases.
  • Role of cilia in respiratory epithelium
    Beat mucus upward to the throat to remove trapped debris and pathogens.
  • Why cold air causes runny nose
    Cold air slows cilia movement, causing mucus accumulation and nasal discharge.