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Respiratory System Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Four major functions of the respiratory system

    1. Gas exchange between air and blood
    2. Regulation of blood pH
    3. Voice production
    4. Olfaction (sense of smell)

  • Main structures of the respiratory system and their functions

    Nose/Nasal cavity: Filters, warms, and moistens air
    Pharynx: Passageway for air and food
    Larynx: Voice production and airway protection
    Trachea: Air passage to bronchi
    Bronchi and bronchioles: Distribute air to lungs
    Alveoli: Site of gas exchange

  • Definition of lung volumes

    Lung volumes are the amounts of air in the lungs during different phases of the respiratory cycle, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.

  • Definition of lung capacities

    Lung capacities are combinations of lung volumes, such as vital capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory capacity, and functional residual capacity.

  • How lung volumes and pressures change during normal inspiration

    During inspiration, diaphragm contracts, thoracic volume increases, lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow into the lungs.

  • How lung volumes and pressures change during normal expiration

    During expiration, diaphragm relaxes, thoracic volume decreases, lung volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow out of the lungs.

  • Role of subatmospheric intrapleural pressure in breathing

    Intrapleural pressure is always slightly less than atmospheric pressure, creating a suction that keeps lungs inflated and prevents lung collapse during breathing.

  • Definition of lung compliance

    Lung compliance is the ease with which lungs can expand; high compliance means lungs expand easily, low compliance means they are stiff.

  • Definition of lung elastance

    Lung elastance is the ability of the lungs to recoil after being stretched; it is the inverse of compliance.

  • Example of disease affecting lung compliance

    Emphysema increases lung compliance due to loss of elastic tissue, making lungs floppy but impairing recoil.

  • Example of disease affecting lung elastance

    Pulmonary fibrosis decreases compliance and increases elastance, making lungs stiff and difficult to expand.

  • Role of surface tension in respiratory physiology

    Surface tension in alveoli tends to collapse them by pulling walls together, opposing lung expansion.

  • Role of surfactant in the lungs

    Surfactant reduces surface tension in alveoli, preventing collapse and making lung expansion easier.

  • Factors affecting airway resistance

    Airway resistance is affected by airway diameter, mucus, inflammation, and smooth muscle tone controlling bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction.

  • Local control mechanisms for bronchodilation

    Bronchodilation occurs via sympathetic stimulation and local chemical mediators like epinephrine, increasing airway diameter and reducing resistance.

  • Local control mechanisms for bronchoconstriction

    Bronchoconstriction occurs via parasympathetic stimulation and local irritants, decreasing airway diameter and increasing resistance.

  • Difference between total pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation

    Total pulmonary ventilation is the total air moved in and out per minute; alveolar ventilation is the air reaching alveoli available for gas exchange.

  • How ventilation and alveolar blood flow are matched locally

    Ventilation and perfusion are matched by local mechanisms: low oxygen causes vasoconstriction to redirect blood, and high carbon dioxide causes bronchodilation to increase airflow.