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Biochemistry Week 1 & 2 Study Notes

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (28)

  • Four key elements in the human body
    Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen are the four key elements making up the human body.
  • Main inorganic and organic components of the human body
    Inorganic: water and minerals. Organic: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids.
  • Most abundant inorganic compound in the human body
    Water is the most abundant inorganic compound in the human body.
  • Intracellular fluid vs extracellular fluid
    Intracellular fluid (ICF): fluid inside cells. Extracellular fluid (ECF): fluid outside cells including plasma and interstitial fluid.
  • Vital properties of water
    Water is a universal solvent, has high heat capacity, cohesion, adhesion, and participates in chemical reactions.
  • Definition of solution, solvent, solute, dissolve, dissociate
    Solution: homogeneous mixture. Solvent: substance dissolving solutes. Solute: substance dissolved. Dissolve: solute disperses in solvent. Dissociate: solute separates into ions.
  • Electrolytes vs non-electrolytes
    Electrolytes: substances that dissociate into ions (e.g., Na+, K+). Non-electrolytes: do not dissociate (e.g., glucose).
  • Most abundant electrolytes in intracellular and extracellular fluids
    Intracellular: K+, Mg2+. Extracellular: Na+, Cl-.
  • Definition of pH
    pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration, indicating acidity or alkalinity.
  • pH scale relation to acidity and alkalinity
    pH < 7 is acidic, pH = 7 is neutral, pH > 7 is alkaline (basic).
  • Common acids and bases in the human body
    Common acids: carbonic acid, lactic acid. Common bases: bicarbonate, ammonia.
  • Significance of pH in physiological systems
    Maintaining pH is critical for enzyme function, metabolic processes, and overall homeostasis.
  • Body's three chemical buffering systems
    Bicarbonate buffer, phosphate buffer, and protein buffer systems.
  • Optimal plasma pH range
    The optimal plasma pH range is 7.35 to 7.45.
  • Definition of acid-base imbalance
    A disturbance in the normal pH range of body fluids, leading to acidosis or alkalosis.
  • Acidosis vs alkalosis
    Acidosis: blood pH < 7.35. Alkalosis: blood pH > 7.45.
  • Four major types of acid-base disorders
    Respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis.
  • Four biomolecules in the human body (most to least abundant)
    Water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates.
  • Five components of an amino acid
    Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, central carbon (alpha carbon), and R-side chain.
  • Essential vs non-essential amino acids
    Essential: must be obtained from diet. Non-essential: synthesized by the body.
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU) causes and consequences
    Caused by enzyme defect in phenylalanine hydroxylase; leads to phenylalanine buildup causing brain damage if untreated.
  • Zwitterion form of amino acids
    Amino acids exist as zwitterions at physiological pH, with both positive (NH3+) and negative (COO-) charges.
  • Isoelectric point (pI) of an amino acid
    pH at which the amino acid has no net charge.
  • Peptide bond formation
    A peptide bond forms by a condensation reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
  • Four levels of protein structure
    Primary (sequence), secondary (alpha helix, beta sheet), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (multiple subunits).
  • Difference between protein denaturation and hydrolysis
    Denaturation disrupts structure without breaking peptide bonds; hydrolysis breaks peptide bonds into amino acids.
  • Six major functions of proteins
    Catalysis, defense, structure, regulation, transport, signaling.
  • Importance of protein structure-function relationship
    Protein function depends on its 3D structure; changes can alter or abolish function.