Paralogous genes __________.

Many researchers who study the kingdom Protista argue that all of these organisms should not be placed in the same kingdom because these organisms could not have evolved from a common ancestor. In other words, they argue that the kingdom Protista is __________.

Using cladistic analysis, a taxonomist wishes to construct a phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among various species of mammals. Which of the following would be the least useful for this purpose?

Which statement below is true about an outgroup?

Unlike a regular phylogenetic tree, phylogenetic trees with branch lengths proportional to time can be used to __________.

Which statement below is true of parsimonious trees?

Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart, but most reptiles have a three-chambered heart. How does this fact affect the construction of phylogenetic trees for these groups?

If you wanted to determine the lineage of plants that have evolved on a relatively young archipelago—approximately 15,000 years old—what type of nucleic acid should you compare?