Because most chemical signals are unable to pass through the plasma membrane, the cellular action they initiate results from __________.
A
ligand binding
B
direct stimulation of the cell's DNA
C
the enzymatic behavior of the signal molecule
D
binding to intracellular receptors
E
the activation of a signal transduction pathway
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1
Understand that most chemical signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane.
Recognize that these signals must interact with cell surface receptors to initiate a cellular response.
Learn that when a ligand binds to a receptor on the cell surface, it triggers a series of events inside the cell known as a signal transduction pathway.
Identify that the signal transduction pathway involves a cascade of molecular interactions that amplify the signal and lead to a specific cellular response.
Conclude that the activation of a signal transduction pathway is the mechanism by which the initial extracellular signal is converted into a functional response within the cell.