Biological Molecules

1) Hydroxyl Group (-OH)

2)Carbonyl Group (-C=O)

3)Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

4)Amino Groups (-NH2)

5) Sulfhydryl Groups (-SH)

6)Phosphate Groups (-PO4)

7) Methyl Groups (-CH3)

-OH

hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which is bonded to a carbon skeleton

polar

in dehydration(condensation) and hydrolysis reactions

-C=O

Carbon double bonded to and oxygen. Carbon is also bonded to a carbon skeleton is 2 possible configurations, either in the chain or at the end(terminal)

polar

If it is terminal (bonded at the end) , then the molecule is an aldehyde

If it is within the carbon skeleton, then it is a ketone.

-COOH

Carbon is double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group.

polar

involved in peptide bonds

(-NH2)

2 Hydrogen are bonded to a Nitrogen, and the nitrogen is bonded to the carbon skeleton

polar

weak base

involved in peptide bonds

-SH

Hydrogen atom is bonded to a Sulfur which is bonded to the carbon skeleton

nonpolar

stabilizes the protein structure (strong bond)