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Cellular Respiration and Energy Transfer in General Biology

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  • What is oxidation and reduction in biological systems?

    Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons during chemical reactions.

  • What roles do NAD+ and FAD play in catabolic pathways?

    NAD+ and FAD act as electron carriers, accepting electrons during oxidation of organic fuels to transfer energy.

  • What is the summary reaction for cellular respiration?

    Glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide, water, and energy: \(\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + energy}\).

  • What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

    To convert chemical energy in glucose into usable energy in the form of ATP for cellular activities.

  • Where does glycolysis occur and does it require oxygen?

    Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen (anaerobic process).

  • What are the substrates and products of glycolysis per glucose molecule?

    Substrate: glucose; Products: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), and 2 NADH molecules.

  • What distinguishes the energy investment phase from the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?

    Energy investment uses ATP to phosphorylate glucose; energy payoff produces ATP and NADH by substrate-level phosphorylation.

  • What happens during pyruvate oxidation?

    Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, producing NADH and releasing CO2; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

  • Does pyruvate oxidation require oxygen directly?

    No, but it requires aerobic conditions because it is linked to the electron transport chain which needs oxygen.

  • What are the substrates and products of the citric acid cycle?

    Substrate: acetyl CoA; Products per cycle: 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 2 CO2 molecules.

  • Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

    In the mitochondrial matrix.

  • What is oxidative phosphorylation?

    Process where energy from the electron transport chain is used to power ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis.

  • What is the role of the electron transport chain (ETC)?

    ETC transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, releasing energy used to pump protons and create a gradient.

  • What is chemiosmosis in cellular respiration?

    Movement of protons down their gradient through ATP synthase to produce ATP.

  • How many ATP molecules are produced per NADH and per FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?

    Approximately 3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2.

  • Where does substrate-level phosphorylation occur in cellular respiration?

    During glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, directly producing ATP without the electron transport chain.

  • What is the total ATP yield from one glucose molecule after complete cellular respiration?

    About 30-32 ATP molecules per glucose.

  • What is the purpose of fermentation?

    To regenerate NAD+ from NADH allowing glycolysis to continue when oxygen is absent.

  • What are the final electron acceptors in alcohol and lactic acid fermentation?

    In alcohol fermentation, acetaldehyde accepts electrons; in lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate accepts electrons.

  • How does phosphofructokinase regulate cellular respiration?

    It is a key enzyme in glycolysis regulated by feedback inhibition to control the rate of respiration based on cellular energy needs.