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Cellular Respiration & Fermentation

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  • What is the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration?

    Glucose plus oxygen produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy: \(C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6 O_2 \rightarrow 6 CO_2 + 6 H_2O + Energy\).

  • What are redox reactions in cellular respiration?

    Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons where one molecule is oxidized (loses electrons) and another is reduced (gains electrons).

  • What does NAD+ do in cellular respiration?

    NAD+ acts as a coenzyme that accepts electrons and hydrogen ions to become NADH, temporarily storing energy.

  • Where does glycolysis occur and what are its main products?

    Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), and 2 NADH molecules.

  • What happens to pyruvate before entering the citric acid cycle?

    Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA by removing CO2, producing NADH, and attaching Coenzyme A.

  • Where does the citric acid cycle take place and what does it produce?

    It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

  • What is the role of the electron transport chain (ETC)?

    The ETC transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 through proteins, pumping protons to create a gradient for ATP synthesis.

  • How is ATP generated during oxidative phosphorylation?

    ATP is produced by ATP synthase as protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through chemiosmosis.

  • What is chemiosmosis in cellular respiration?

    It is the process where H+ ions flow down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase to generate ATP.

  • How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in cellular respiration?

    Approximately 36-38 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule.

  • What is fermentation and when does it occur?

    Fermentation is an anaerobic process that regenerates NAD+ allowing glycolysis to continue when oxygen is absent.

  • What are the two main types of fermentation?

    Alcohol fermentation produces ethanol and CO2; lactic acid fermentation produces lactate.

  • How does alcohol fermentation regenerate NAD+?

    Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde (releasing CO2), then reduced to ethanol, regenerating NAD+.

  • How does lactic acid fermentation regenerate NAD+?

    Pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH to form lactate, regenerating NAD+.

  • Compare ATP yield of aerobic respiration and fermentation.

    Aerobic respiration yields 36-38 ATP per glucose; fermentation yields only 2 ATP per glucose.

  • How do fats enter cellular respiration pathways?

    Fats are broken down into glycerol (enters glycolysis) and fatty acids (converted to Acetyl CoA).

  • How do proteins enter cellular respiration pathways?

    Proteins are broken down into amino acids, which enter glycolysis, Acetyl CoA formation, or the citric acid cycle.

  • What is the significance of the mitochondrial inner membrane in respiration?

    It houses the electron transport chain and ATP synthase, essential for oxidative phosphorylation.

  • What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

    Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the ETC, combining with electrons and protons to form water.

  • What is the energy investment and payoff in glycolysis?

    Energy investment uses 2 ATP to start glycolysis; payoff phase produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH, netting 2 ATP.