뒤로Chapter 6-10 Review
이 집합의 용어 (68)
Polysaccharides in plant cells are synthesized to
rough ER and Golgi
Nucleoid
Contains genetic material
Centrosomes are composed of.,...
centroles
Why is the plasma membrane refered to as fluid mosaic
it explains how cell membranes maintain a protective barrier while remaining dynamic enough to allow cellular movement, communication, and transport
aquaporins
faciliate movement of water ( channel proteins)
Branched Carbohydrates
Help with "cell to cell" recognition
biomarkers
At high temperature, cholesterol
restrains phospholipid movement
At low temp, cholesterol
maintains fluidity
The phospholipid bilayer consist of....
double later,
hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tails
selective permeability
some substances cross more easily than others
Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
Proteins; help with cell to cell recognition
Lipids: carbohydrate attached to a lipid
Peripheral Protein
attached to membrane surface
Integral Protein
Inbeded protein with hydrophobic regions
Transmembrane Protein
hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
Through whole membrane
Aquaporins are involved in osmosis because...
They facilitate the movement of water
Passive vs Active Transport
Passive : No ATP
Active: ATP
Cencentration gradient drives ....... while ...... transport works againts it
Passive: Active
Simple vs Facilatated diffusion
Simple: higher to lower conc
Facilitated: use of specific channel protiens
Tonicity
ability of a surrounding solution to cause cell to gain/lose water
Hypotonic
More solute inside cell than outside : water moves into the cell : cell burts
(less water inside the cell)
Hypertonic
Less solute inside the cell than outside: water moves out of the cell : cell shrinks
(more water inside the cell )
During active transport large cells move in ....
bulk
Membrane potential
Keeps active transport moving
Sodium Potassium Pump
Pumps 3 NA OUT
Brings 2 K IN
Diffusion is an .... process
passive
Endocytosis
Movement of materian into the cell
Phagocytosis
Type of endocytosis in which cells engulf large particles
Activation Energy
The energy a molecule needs to reach before undegoing a reaction
How do enzymes help initiate reactions faster
They lower the activation energy
cofactors
non-proteins that bind to enzymes
coenzymes
organic cofactors (vitamins)
inhibitors
chemicals that bind to enzymes by weak interactions; inhibiting enxymatic action
competitive vs noncompepitive inhibitors
competetive: bind AT the site
non-comp: bind away from activation site
Metbolism
all of an organism chemical reactions
Catabolic Reactions
Provide energy needed for anabolic reactions
Break down complex molecules into simpler ones
(- free energy ) Exergonic
ATP synthasis
Anabolic reaction
builds a molecule by joining ADP and an inorganic phosphate,
Anabolic Reaction
Driven by catbolic reactions
Builds complex molecules from smaller ones
consumes energy
(+ free energy )
endergonic
ATP hydrolysis
Catabolic Reaction
Breaks down ATP -> ADP + P
releases free energy - exergonic
Energy stored from position and strucutre
Potential Energy
Energy transfered increases entropy
2nd law of thermodynamics
Free energy
energy available to do work in a system
determines if a process is spontaneus or non spontaneous
Free energy -/+
-: spontaneus (exergonic)
( more energy at the start)
+; non-spontaneus (endergonic)
(more energy at the end)
phosphorylation
transfer of phosphate group from ATP to another molecule
how ATP powers cellular work
What is the net amount of ATP glycolysis produces
2 ATP
( 4 ATP - 2 ATP ( inverted) )
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose into PYRUVATE
2 NADH
2 ATP
In cytosol
Pyruvate OXidation
Makes Acetly CoA from pyruvate
2 NADH
first CO2
CItric Acid Cycle
Beaks down Acetyl-CoA to realease energy
4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
Mitochrondrial Membrane
Electron Transport Chain
NADH + FADH2 bring electrons
created more ATP
Oxygen is final aceptor ( created water)
Chemiosmosis
ATP production using H+ gradient
In intermembrane space
Energy from NADH and FADH pups H+ ions intro intermitochrondial space
as H+ passes through it synthesizes into ATP
Alcohol Fermentation
anerobic
relases ethanol and CO2
Anaerobic Process in muscles
Lactic Acid Fermentation
FAD is reduced to FADH2 in the ....
Krebs Cycle
Number of ATP produced by one glucose molecule
30-32
Cistrae
Folds iner mitochrondrila membrane that increase SA for APT production
NADPH
high energy electron carrier
Produced by photosystem 1 in Light reaction
NADP reduced
Light vs Dark Reaction
Light: only happens with the precense of light
Dark: can happen with or w. out light
Photosynthesis
Converts solar energy into thermal
6CO2 + 12H2O + light > C6H12O2 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Energy is ..... related to wave lenght
Reveresly
Pigments
substances that absorb visible light
Stromata
Allows CO2 and O2 to diffuse from plant
Chlorophyll molecules are in the....
Thykaloid membrane
Calvin Cycle occurs in the
Stroma
Photosystem 2
P680
splits H2O
ETC makes ATP
Photon
energy packet of light
Light Reaction Final products
ATP (2)
NADPH (1)
Photosystem 1
P700
reduces NADP to make NADPH
Steps of the Calvin Cycle and final products
Carbon Fization ( CO2 is attached to 5C)
reduction ( Energy turn fixed carbon to G3P
Regenreation ( G3P turns to glucose)
What enzyme turns C02 into a glucose building block ( G3P)
Rubisco