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Chp. 4 Flashcards

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (24)

  • How do antibiotics kill bacterial cells but not human cells?
    Antibiotics target structures unique to bacteria, such as the cell wall made of peptidoglycan and bacterial ribosomes, which human cells lack.
  • Why must cells remain small?
    Cells must be small to maintain a high surface area-to-volume ratio, allowing efficient material exchange and communication.
  • What is the surface area-to-volume ratio and why is it important?
    It is the ratio of a cell's surface area to its volume; as cells grow larger, this ratio decreases, limiting material exchange efficiency.
  • How does cell volume change compared to surface area as cell size increases?
    Volume increases faster than surface area, causing the surface area-to-volume ratio to decrease as cell size grows.
  • What are the basic features all cells have?
    All cells have DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm to store genetic info, make proteins, regulate material exchange, and house organelles.
  • What are key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
    Prokaryotes have circular DNA in a nucleoid, smaller size, no membrane-bound organelles, and cell walls with peptidoglycan; eukaryotes have linear DNA in a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • What structural differences exist between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
    Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers; gram-negative have thin peptidoglycan and an outer membrane, affecting antibiotic susceptibility.
  • How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes differ?
    Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and structurally different, allowing antibiotics to target bacterial ribosomes without affecting eukaryotic ones.
  • What organelles are common to both plant and animal cells?
    Nucleus, mitochondria, rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, and plasma membrane.
  • What organelles are unique to plant cells?
    Chloroplasts, cell wall made of cellulose, and large central vacuole.
  • Describe the pathway of protein synthesis and export in a eukaryotic cell.
    Protein is made in the nucleus (DNA/RNA), synthesized in rough ER, transported via vesicles to Golgi, modified, then sent out of the cell.
  • What are the three components of the cytoskeleton and their functions?
    Microtubules (organelle movement, chromosome separation), actin filaments (cell contraction, division), and intermediate filaments (structural support).
  • What is the function of microtubules?
    They move organelles and chromosomes, maintain cell shape, and form cilia and flagella.
  • What role does actin play in cells?
    Actin filaments enable cell contraction, pinching during division, and muscle contraction.
  • What is the endosymbiosis theory?
    Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells engulfing others, leading to mitochondria and chloroplasts with prokaryotic features.
  • List evidence supporting the endosymbiosis theory.
    Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, double membranes, similar size to bacteria, and reproduce independently.
  • Why do antibiotics like penicillin target gram-positive bacteria more effectively?
    Penicillin targets the thick peptidoglycan layer in gram-positive bacteria, which is less abundant in gram-negative bacteria.
  • Why do human cells remain unaffected by many antibiotics?
    Human cells lack bacterial cell walls and have different ribosomes and DNA replication machinery, so antibiotics targeting these do not harm them.
  • Which microscope is best to observe ribosomes?
    Electron microscopes are required to visualize ribosomes due to their small size.
  • What microscope would you use to observe living white blood cells changing shape?
    A light microscope, especially fluorescence microscopy, is suitable for observing live cell shape changes.
  • What organelles would be abundant in pancreatic cells producing digestive enzymes?
    Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are abundant for protein synthesis and processing.
  • What organelle malfunction could cause low ATP production?
    Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to decreased ATP production.
  • What is the function of lysosomes?
    Lysosomes digest worn-out organelles, bacteria, and recycle cellular materials.
  • How does the plasma membrane contribute to cell function?
    It regulates material entry and exit, provides a barrier, and facilitates cell communication.