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Exam 4

컨트롤 버튼이 '내비게이션' 모드로 변경되었습니다.
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이 집합의 용어 (38)

  • First level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription

    Transcriptional control is the first level of gene expression regulation in eukaryotes.

  • Regulatory elements common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription

    Transcription factors play a role in regulating transcription in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

  • What turns off transcription by binding to the operator in prokaryotes?

    A repressor protein binds to the operator to turn off transcription.

  • Control of a single RNA transcript for related genes in prokaryotes

    It is controlled by an operon, a group of genes transcribed together under one promoter.

  • Process by which genotype becomes phenotype

    Gene expression is the process where the genetic code (genotype) is used to produce traits (phenotype).

  • Process responsible for cell differentiation in multicellular organisms

    Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.

  • Definition of introns

    Introns are non-coding sequences within a gene that are removed during RNA splicing.

  • How can a single RNA transcript produce different polypeptides?

    Through alternative RNA splicing, different exons are joined to create multiple polypeptides from one transcript.

  • Reason cells in different tissues perform different functions

    Different gene expression patterns in cells lead to tissue-specific functions.

  • Cause of 'sticky ends' in DNA fragments

    Restriction enzymes cut DNA in a staggered way, producing single-stranded overhangs called sticky ends.

  • Complementary sticky end to DNA fragment -ATTCG

    The complementary sticky end is -TAAGC, which can base pair with -ATTCG.

  • Using a tiny drop of blood to link an individual to a crime

    DNA fingerprinting analyzes DNA patterns to identify individuals from biological samples.

  • Method to separate DNA fragments cut by restriction enzymes

    Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size by applying an electric field.

  • Potential of the Human Genome Project

    It enables understanding of all human genes, aiding in disease diagnosis, treatment, and personalized medicine.

  • Ethical dilemmas raised by DNA technology

    Issues include privacy, genetic discrimination, cloning, and consent for genetic information use.

  • Why gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments

    Because DNA fragments differ in size and move through the gel matrix at different rates.

  • Definition of natural selection

    Natural selection is the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.

  • Significance of Darwin's voyage on the Beagle

    It provided observations that contributed to the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection.

  • Charles Lyell's influence on Darwin

    Lyell proposed that Earth is very old and shaped by slow geological processes still occurring today.

  • Definition of a gene that causes cancer

    Oncogene is a gene that can cause cancer when mutated or expressed at high levels.

  • Most potent environmental carcinogen

    Tobacco smoke is one of the most potent environmental carcinogens.

  • Lifestyle choices increasing cancer risk

    Smoking, excessive alcohol, poor diet, and UV exposure increase cancer risk.

  • Definition of transgenic animal

    A transgenic animal contains genes from another species inserted into its genome.

  • How vaccines work

    Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens without causing disease.

  • Vectors used to introduce new genes into cells

    Common vectors include plasmids and viruses engineered to carry foreign DNA.

  • Earliest step in producing recombinant DNA

    Cutting DNA with restriction enzymes to create compatible ends is the first step.

  • What happens when plasmids are used to produce desired proteins

    Plasmids carry the gene into host cells, which then express the protein encoded by the gene.

  • Study of fossils

    Paleontology is the scientific study of fossils.

  • Homology as evidence

    Homology indicates common ancestry between species.

  • Smallest unit of evolution

    The population is the smallest unit in which evolution occurs.

  • Frequency of alternate allele if one allele frequency is 0.7

    The alternate allele frequency is \(0.3\) (1 - 0.7).

  • Meaning of \(p^2\) in Hardy-Weinberg formula

    \(p^2\) represents the frequency of homozygous dominant genotype.

  • Original source of genetic variation for natural selection

    Mutations are the original source of genetic variation.

  • Difference between founder effect and population bottleneck

    Founder effect is when a new population is started by a few individuals; bottleneck is a sharp reduction in population size.

  • What Darwinian fitness measures

    It measures an organism's reproductive success relative to others.

  • Example of stabilizing selection

    Selection favoring average traits, such as human birth weight, is stabilizing selection.

  • Example of sexual selection

    Traits like peacock feathers that increase mating success are examples of sexual selection.

  • Location of the amnion in an evolutionary tree

    The amnion is a key feature of amniotes, located on the branch leading to reptiles, birds, and mammals.