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Functional Groups in General Biology

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  • Hydroxyl group

    Is polar due to electronegative oxygen and forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compounds like sugars. Compound name: Alcohol (usually ends in -ol). Example: Ethanol.

    (—OH)

  • Carbonyl group

    Sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are aldoses. Compound name: Ketone (within carbon skeleton) or aldehyde (at end of skeleton). Examples: Acetone (ketone), Propanal (aldehyde).

    (>C=O)

  • Carboxyl group

    Acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is polar. Compound name: Carboxylic acid or organic acid. Example: Acetic acid.

    (—COOH)

  • Amino group

    Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution. Compound name: Amine. Example: Glycine (an amino acid).

    (—NH2)

  • Sulfhydryl group

    Two —SH groups can react to form a cross-link that stabilizes protein structure, affecting hair shape. Compound name: Thiol. Example: Cysteine (a sulfur-containing amino acid).

    (—SH)

  • Phosphate group

    Contributes negative charge (1− or 2−) depending on position. Confers ability to react with water, releasing energy. Compound name: Organic phosphate. Example: Glycerol phosphate.

    (—OPO32−)

  • Methyl group

    Affects gene expression when on DNA or proteins bound to DNA. Influences shape and function of male and female sex hormones. Compound name: Methylated compound. Example: 5-Methylcytosine.

    (—CH3)