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General Biology: Cell Organelles and Structures

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  • Function of mitochondria
    Mitochondria perform cellular respiration to generate ATP, the cell's main energy source.
  • Structure of mitochondria
    Mitochondria have a double membrane: a smooth outer membrane and a folded inner membrane called cristae, enclosing the matrix.
  • Role of chloroplasts
    Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis, converting sunlight into glucose and oxygen in plant cells.
  • Chloroplast internal structures
    Chloroplasts contain thylakoids stacked into grana, surrounded by a fluid called stroma.
  • Endosymbiotic theory
    States mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes engulfed by larger cells, supported by their double membranes, circular DNA, 70S ribosomes, and binary fission.
  • Function of the Golgi apparatus
    The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages molecules in flattened sacs called cisternae.
  • Protein secretion pathway order
    Proteins follow this path: Rough ER → Golgi → Transport Vesicle → Cell Membrane.
  • Role of lysosomes
    Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes to digest and recycle cellular waste in animal cells.
  • Function of peroxisomes
    Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and toxic compounds in all eukaryotic cells.
  • Central vacuole function in plants
    The central vacuole stores water and maintains turgor pressure, providing rigidity to plant cells.
  • Microfilaments composition and role
    Microfilaments are made of actin and are involved in cell movement and shape changes.
  • Intermediate filaments function
    Intermediate filaments provide permanent mechanical strength to cells.
  • Microtubules structure and function
    Microtubules are made of tubulin, form tracks for motor proteins, and build cilia and flagella for movement.
  • Tight junctions in animal cells
    Tight junctions create a leak-proof seal between adjacent animal cells.
  • Desmosomes role
    Desmosomes rivet animal cells together using intermediate filaments for strong adhesion.
  • Gap junctions function
    Gap junctions form channels allowing ions and small molecules to pass directly between animal cells.
  • Plasmodesmata in plant cells
    Plasmodesmata are open channels through plant cell walls connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.