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General Biology: Cells, Life, and Metabolism

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이 집합의 용어 (20)

  • What is the fundamental 'building block' of living organisms?

    The cell is the fundamental building block of living organisms.

  • What are the three domains of life?

    The three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

  • What distinguishes Eukarya from Bacteria and Archaea?

    Eukarya have cells with organelles, are often multicellular, have larger cell size, and distinct ribosomal sequences.

  • What is abiogenesis?

    Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter.

  • Why are cells generally small in size?

    Cells are small because of the geometric relationship between surface area and volume, which affects nutrient exchange efficiency.

  • What is the chemical basis of life?

    Life is based on carbon-based molecules and water, which form the chemical foundation of living cells.

  • Define an element in biological context.

    An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.

  • What is a molecule?

    A molecule is multiple atoms bound together via covalent bonds.

  • What is the first law of thermodynamics in biology?

    The total energy of a closed system is constant; energy can be transferred or transformed but not created or destroyed.

  • What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

    Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe.

  • What is metabolism?

    Metabolism is the totality of an organism's chemical reactions.

  • What are metabolic pathways?

    Metabolic pathways are series of enzymatic steps that alter molecules to produce products, including catabolic and anabolic pathways.

  • What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

    Exergonic reactions release energy (ΔG < 0), while endergonic reactions require energy input (ΔG > 0).

  • What is an enzyme?

    An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

  • How do enzymes lower activation energy (Ea)?

    Enzymes lower Ea by orienting substrates, stretching bonds, providing favorable microenvironments, and participating in reactions.

  • What is ATP and its role in metabolism?

    Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and transfers energy in cells, driving most coupled reactions via hydrolysis.

  • What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and nuclear membrane?

    Ribosome subunits are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through nuclear pores in the nuclear membrane to the cytoplasm.

  • What are centrosomes and centrioles?

    Centrosomes are organelles unique to animal cells, composed of structures called centrioles, important for cell division.

  • What limits the resolution of conventional light microscopy?

    Resolution is limited by the wavelength of visible light, restricting the smallest structures that can be seen.

  • What is the typical size range of most eukaryotic cells?

    Most eukaryotic cells measure roughly 10 to 100 μm across their length.