뒤로General Biology: Ecology and Population Dynamics
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Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment, determining organism distribution and abundance.
Organismal, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and global ecology.
Solar energy, Earth's movement in space, temperature variations, evaporation, and air and water circulation.
Because of Earth's curved shape, sunlight strikes the tropics more directly and higher latitudes at an oblique angle, making light more diffuse.
Dry air descending at these latitudes absorbs moisture, creating arid zones.
Mountains cause air to release moisture on windward sides and create rain shadows on leeward sides, affecting precipitation and temperature.
A major life zone characterized by vegetation type and influenced by climate factors like temperature and precipitation.
To plot the annual mean temperature and precipitation of a region, helping to define biomes.
High year-round temperatures (25–29°C), little seasonal variation, and either constant or seasonal rainfall depending on forest type.
Heat and desiccation tolerance, water storage, reduced leaf surface area, and defenses against herbivores.
The upper layer of water with sufficient light for photosynthesis.
The organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of aquatic pelagic zones, inhabited by benthos communities.
Wetlands are periodically inundated with water and support water-adapted plants; estuaries are transition zones between river and sea with variable salinity.
Ecological factors including dispersal, biotic interactions (predation, competition), and abiotic factors (temperature, water, salinity, sunlight, soil).
Density is the number of individuals per unit area or volume; dispersion is the spatial pattern of individuals within the population.
Clumped, uniform, and random dispersion patterns.
An age-specific summary of survival patterns in a population, often following a cohort from birth to death.
Type I: high early survivorship, steep decline in old age; Type II: constant death rate; Type III: high early mortality, survivors live longer.
Population increase under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, resulting in a J-shaped growth curve.
The maximum population size an environment can support sustainably.
Population growth that slows as it approaches carrying capacity, producing an S-shaped curve.
K-selection favors traits for competitive ability near carrying capacity; r-selection favors traits maximizing reproduction at low density.
Through negative feedback mechanisms like competition, predation, disease, toxic wastes, and territoriality that increase with population density.
A group of spatially separated populations connected by immigration and emigration.