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General Biology Exam 1 Key Concepts

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이 집합의 용어 (29)

  • Scientific method steps

    Includes observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion.

  • Difference between hypothesis, prediction, and theory

    Hypothesis: testable explanation; Prediction: expected outcome; Theory: well-supported broad explanation.

  • Experimental group vs. control group

    Experimental group: receives treatment; Control group: baseline for comparison, no treatment.

  • Independent vs. dependent variables

    Independent variable: manipulated factor; Dependent variable: measured outcome.

  • Darwin's concept of descent with modification

    Species change over time, passing traits to offspring with variations.

  • How natural selection works

    Individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more, increasing trait frequency.

  • Five themes of biology

    Evolution, structure and function, information flow, energy transformations, and systems biology.

  • Properties of life

    Order, regulation, growth, energy processing, response to environment, reproduction, and evolution.

  • Biological organization levels

    Atom < molecule < organelle < cell < tissue < organ < organism < population < community < ecosystem < biosphere.

  • Subatomic particles and charges

    Protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (-).

  • Importance of trace elements

    Required in small amounts; e.g., iodine prevents goiter.

  • Water's polarity and biological importance

    Polar molecule enabling hydrogen bonding, solvent properties, and temperature regulation.

  • Surface tension in water

    Result of hydrogen bonds creating a 'skin' on water surface.

  • Adhesion vs. cohesion

    Adhesion: water sticks to other surfaces; Cohesion: water molecules stick to each other.

  • pH scale and buffers

    Measures acidity/basicity; buffers resist pH changes.

  • Difference between acids and bases

    Acids donate H+ ions; bases accept H+ ions.

  • Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds

    Covalent: shared electrons; Ionic: transferred electrons; Hydrogen: weak attraction between polar molecules.

  • Why carbon is important in biology

    Can form four covalent bonds, creating diverse organic molecules.

  • Dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis

    Dehydration: builds polymers by removing water; Hydrolysis: breaks polymers by adding water.

  • Saturated vs. unsaturated fats

    Saturated: no double bonds, solid at room temp; Unsaturated: one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp.

  • Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

    Simple sugars, two sugars linked, and long sugar chains respectively.

  • Examples of polysaccharides and their functions

    Cellulose (structure), starch (energy storage in plants), glycogen (energy storage in animals).

  • DNA vs. RNA differences

    DNA: double-stranded, deoxyribose sugar; RNA: single-stranded, ribose sugar.

  • Complementary base pairing in nucleotides

    A pairs with T (or U in RNA), C pairs with G.

  • Hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic molecules

    Hydrophilic: water-attracting; hydrophobic: water-repelling.

  • Protein structure levels

    Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures determine shape and function.

  • Enzyme function

    Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

  • Cause of lactose intolerance

    Insufficient lactase enzyme to digest lactose sugar.

  • How antibiotic resistance evolves in bacteria

    Natural selection favors bacteria with mutations that resist antibiotics.