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General Biology Exam #2 Review Flashcards

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  • Why do phospholipids spontaneously form membranes when mixed with water?
    Because they are amphipathic, having both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, which causes them to arrange into bilayers.
  • What stores the information necessary to produce proteins?
    DNA stores the genetic information for protein synthesis.
  • Where does protein synthesis take place?
    Protein synthesis takes place at the ribosomes.
  • What hormone is secreted from the cell that is manufactured by ribosomes?
    Proteins made by ribosomes can include protein hormones that are secreted by the cell.
  • What theory states that all living things are composed of cells?
    The Cell Theory states that all living things are composed of cells.
  • Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
    Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.
  • What type of cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall?
    Plant cells have both a nucleus and a cell wall.
  • Differences between animal and plant cells?
    Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles; animal cells do not.
  • Function of the cell plasma membrane?
    The plasma membrane controls selective transport of substances in and out of the cell.
  • Major lipids of cell plasma membranes?
    Phospholipids are the major lipids forming the plasma membrane bilayer.
  • What structures move proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus?
    Vesicles transport proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus.
  • Function of the Golgi apparatus?
    The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery.
  • Which cell part is most like the shipping center of a company?
    The Golgi apparatus functions like the shipping center.
  • Function of lysosomes?
    Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest and recycle cellular waste and foreign material.
  • Which protist contains contractile vacuoles?
    Freshwater protists like Paramecium have contractile vacuoles to expel excess water.
  • What characterizes plant cells unlike animal cells?
    Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.
  • Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
    The chloroplast is responsible for photosynthesis.
  • How can cellular respiration be described?
    Cellular respiration converts chemical energy in glucose into usable energy (ATP).
  • What hairlike structures allow Paramecium to move?
    Cilia are hairlike structures that enable Paramecium to swim.
  • What is energy?
    Energy is the capacity to do work or cause change.
  • What type of energy is energy of motion?
    Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
  • What type of energy does a rock on top of a mountain have?
    It has potential energy due to its position.
  • What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?
    ATP (adenosine triphosphate) directly provides energy for cellular work.
  • How is energy transferred from ATP to other molecules?
    Energy is transferred by transferring a phosphate group from ATP.
  • What is the sum of all chemical reactions in organisms called?
    The sum of all chemical reactions is called metabolism.
  • What is the result of glycolysis?
    Glycolysis breaks glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
  • What waste products do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?
    Yeast produce ethanol and carbon dioxide during anaerobic fermentation.
  • Where do cellular respiration processes take place?
    Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, and the Krebs cycle and electron transport occur in the mitochondria.
  • How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction?
    Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for a reaction.
  • What is the region of an enzyme where a substrate binds?
    The substrate binds at the enzyme's active site.
  • Define osmosis.
    Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
  • What is diffusion?
    Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration.
  • What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?
    The cell neither gains nor loses water; it is in equilibrium.
  • What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?
    The plant cell swells as water enters, becoming turgid.
  • What is active transport?
    Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using energy (ATP).
  • What is the process called when a white blood cell engulfs a bacterium?
    This process is called phagocytosis.
  • What are photosynthetic organisms?
    Organisms that convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis.
  • What are the waste products of cellular respiration?
    The waste products are carbon dioxide and water.
  • How does photosynthesis contribute to plant growth?
    Photosynthesis produces glucose, which is used to build plant biomass.
  • Through what structures do plants obtain most of their water?
    Plants absorb water mainly through their roots.
  • What is the equation of photosynthesis?
    6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
  • What do the light reactions of photosynthesis convert?
    They convert light energy to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
  • What are the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
    The products are ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.